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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Neuron
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A cell in the nervous system that communicates with one another to perform information processing tasks and send messages.
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Cell Body (Soma)
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The largest component of the neuron that coordinates the information processing tasks and keeps the cell alive
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Nucleus
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Houses chromosomes that contain DNA/our genetic blue print
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Dendrites (Greek for Tree)
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Receives information from other neuron's and relay it to the cell body.
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Axon
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Transmit information to other neurons, muscles or glands. Carries the information
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Myelin Sheath
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An insulating fatty material, can accelerate the messages speed
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Synapse
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The junction or region between the axon of one neuron and dendrites or cell body of another
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Demyelinating Disease
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(Multiple sclerosis) The myelin sheath deteriorates slowing the transition of information from one neuron to another
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Sensory Neurons
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Receives information from the external world and conveys this information to the brain via the spinal cord. (Also called afferent neurons) (hot stove)
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Motor Neurons
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Carries signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement (also called efferent neurons)
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Interneurons
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which connects sensory neurons, motor neurons or other interneurons and sends commands to the muscles through motor neurons
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Resting Potential
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The different in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neurons cell membrane
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Action Potential
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An electric signal that is conducted along the length of the neurons axon to the synapse (all or nothing attitude)
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Refractory Period
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The time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated
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Terminal Button
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Knob like structures that branch out for an axon. It's filled with tiny vessels containing neurotransmitter that help with the release of chemicals.
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Neurotransmitter
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Chemicals that transmit information across the synapse to a receiving neurons dendrites
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Receptors
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Dendrites of the receiving neuron contains receptors, parts of the cell membrane that receive neurotransmitter's
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Reuptake
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Neurotransmitter's that are absorbed by the terminal buttons of the pre-synaptic neuron
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Deactivation
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A process in which neurotransmitter's are broken down into the component molecules
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Autoreceptors
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Neurotransmitter's can bind to receptors sites called autoreceptors on the presynaptic neuron
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Dopamine
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Regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure and emotional arousal. Plays a role in drug addiction. High levels of dopamine result in schizophrenia and low levels result in Parkinson's disease
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Endorphins
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Act within the pain pathways and emotion center of the brain to help dull the experiences of pain and elevate mood (aka pain controlling chemicals in the body)
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Agonists
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Are drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter (mimics the neurotransmitter)
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Antagonist
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Are drugs that block the function of a neurotransmitter
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Methamphetamine
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Affects pathways of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. Making it difficult to interpret exactly how the drug works
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The Nervous System
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Is an interacting network of neurons that convey electrochemical information throughout the body and contains neuron glial cells
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Peripheral Nervous System
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Connects the central nervous system to the bodies organs and muscles
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Central Nervous System
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Composed of the brain and spinal cord, receives sensory information from the external world and processes and coordinates the information. It then sends commands to the skeletal and muscle systems for action
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Automatic Nervous System
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A set of nerves that carries involuntary and automatic commands that control blood vessels, body organs, and the glands
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Somatic Nervous System
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A set of nerves that conveys in and out of the central nervous system to perceive thought and coordinates behavior (conscious movement)
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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Is a set of nerves that prepares the body for action in threatening situations, and controls arousal
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Parasynpathetic Nervous System
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Helps the body return to normal resting stages after initial shock (calming back down)
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Spinal Reflexes
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Simple pathways in the nervous system that rapidly generate muscle contractions, essential to sensory perception and movement
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Quadriplegia
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The loss of sensation and motor control of all limbs
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THE FOREBRAIN (TF)
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Controls complex cognition, emotional, sensory and motor functions. (develop's last)
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Subcortical Structuresb (TF)
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Areas of the forebrain houses nude the cerebral cortex near the very center of the brain
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Thalamus (TF)
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Relays and filters information from the senses and transmits the information to the cerebral cortex, except for smell
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Hypothalamus (TF)
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Regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior
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Pituitary Gland "Master Gland" (TF)
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The gland of the bodies hormone producing system, which release hormones that direct the functions of many other glands in the body. Controls stress, digestion, and the reproductive process
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Hippocampus (Latin for Seahorse) (TF)
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Critical for creating new memories and integrating them into a network of knowledge so that they can be stored indefinitely in other parts of the cerebral cortex.
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Amygdala (Latin for Almond) (TF)
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Plays a central role in many emotional processes,.particularly fear and the formation of emotional memories
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Basil Ganglia (TF)
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A set of sub cortical structures that directs intentional movement
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Corpus Callossum (TF)
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Connects large areas of the cerebral cortex on each side of the brain and supports communication of information across the hemispheres
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Cerebral Cortex (TF)
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The outer layer of the brain, divided into two hemispheres and responsible for higher thought process and interpretation of sensory input
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Brain Stem (TF)
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Brain stem
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The Midbrain (TM)
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contains the tectum and tegmentum which help guide people away from or towards a stimuli
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The Hindbrain (TH)
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An area of the brain the coordinates information coming into and out of the spinal cord
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Cerebellum (Latin for Little Brain) (TH)
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A long structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills
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Reticular Formation (TH)
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Regulates sleep, wakefulness and level of arousal
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Medulla (TH)
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An extension of the spinal cord into the skull that coordinates heart rate, circulation and respiratory systems
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Pons (Latin for Bridge) (TH)
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A structure that replays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain, plays a part in sleep, dreaming, left-right body coordination and arousl
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Contralateral Control
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Meaning that your right cerebral hemisphere perceives stimuli from and controls movement on the left side of your body and vice versa
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Association Areas
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Which are composed of neurons that help provide sense of meaning an information registered in the cortex. Neurons in the association areas are less specialized and more flexible than neurons in primary areas
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Pasticity
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Sensory cortices are not fixed, they can adapt to changes in sensory inputs and have the ability to be molded
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Parietal Lobe
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Processes information about touch and contains the SEMATOSENSORY CORTEX
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Sematosensory Cortex (in Parietal Lobe)
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A strip of brain tissue running from the top of the brain down o the sides, it controls sensory input
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Occipital Lobe
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Processes visual information, once it's processes it gets processes father for into the occipital cortex. Visual association cortex and primary Visual cortex are housed in the occipital lobe
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Temporal Lobe
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Responsible for hearing and language. The primary auditory cortex and visual association areas are housed in the temporal lobe, which interpret the meaning of stimuli
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Frontal Lobe
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Specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgment. It contains the Motor Cortex
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Motor Cortex (in the Frontal Lobe)
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Initiates voluntary movement and sends messages to the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and the spinal cord (controls output)
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Genes
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Is a unit of hereditary transmission, genes are a section on a strand of DNA and are organized into chromosomes
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Chromosomes
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Which are strands of DNA wound around together in a helix configuration. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes
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Split Brain Procedure
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Helped patients decrease seizures, cuts inserted in the corpus callosum. The problem was that when information entered one hemisphere it stayed there.
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Computerized Axial Tomography (CT)
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Takes a series of X-ray photographs from different angles and shows the different densities of tissue in the brain
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
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Applying brief but powerful magnetic pulses to the head and recording how these pulses are absorbed throughout the brain
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Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
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A harmless radioactive substance is injected into a person's bloodstream. then the brain is scanned by tradition detectors as the person performs cognitive tasks that demand energy usage. Then the flow of energy through the bloodstream is observed
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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
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Magnetic pulses cause the twisting of hemoglobin molecules, the fMRI then detects the oxygenated hemoglobin and provides a picture of the level of activation in each brain data
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Axon Hillock
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Connects the soma to the axon
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Glial Cell (Greek for Glue)
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Fatty cells that have four functions, hold neurons in place, supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons, insulate one neuron from another, and destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons
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Postsynaptic Neuron VS Presynaptic Neuron
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Postsynapric neuron: The receiving neuron
presynaptic neuron: The sending neuron |
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Acetylcholine
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A Neurotransmitter involved with memory
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GABA
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Common inhibitory neurotransmitter, sleep and inhibits movement
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Nerves
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Bundles of axons that contain glial cells
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Corticalization
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The wrinkling of The cortex so that I'd fit in our heads
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Spatial Neglect
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Condition produced by damage to the association areas of the right hemisphere resulting in an inability to recognize objects in the left visual field
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Phantom Limb Syndrome
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Feeling of limbs in dislocated areas that no longer contain that limb
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Mirror Box
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A box divided by a mirror to reflect a body part and reduce phantom limb pain
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Blind Sight
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You can see but your blind
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Visual Neglect
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Although vision stimuli fires you can't see from part of the left or right sight
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Capglas Condition/Syndrome
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Convinced a loved one is n imposter
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Synesthesia
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The perceptual experience of our sense that is evoked by another sense (tasting the color green)
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Sensation
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A simple stimulation of a sense organ (simple awareness)
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Perception
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It is organization, identification, and interpretation of sensation in order to forma mental representation
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Transduction
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Converting psychosocial signals from the environment into encoded neural signals
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Absolute Threshold
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The minimal intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus (humans can detect 50% of stimuli)
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Just Noticeable Difference (JND)
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The minimal change in stimuli that can barely be detected
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Signal Detection Theory
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Hold that a response to a stimulus depends both on a person's sensitivity to the stimulus in the presence of noise and on a person's decision criteria
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Sensory Adaptation
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The observation that sensitivity to prolonged stimulation tends I decline overtime as an organism adapts the current conditions (dark room and lights turn on)
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Length
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Hue or what we perceive as color
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Amplitude
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Brightness
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Purity
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Saturation and richness of color
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Cornea
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Clear smooth outer tissue, lights reflected and enters the eye through the cornea
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Pupil
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A whole in the colored part of the eye
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Iris
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Colored part of the eye, controls size of pupil and the amount of light that enters the eye
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Lens
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Behind the iris, controls the bend of light so it can enter the retina
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Retina
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Light sensitive tissue lining located at the back of the eye ball
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Fovea
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Where the image appears upside down and backwards, vision is clearest and no rods are located in the fovea
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Vision Procesa
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Cornea to the pupil then through the Lena and finally arrives at the retina
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Accommodation
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The process by which the eye maintains a clear image on the retina
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Photoreceptor Cells
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Located in the retina and contain light sensitive pigments that transduce light into neural impulses. There responsible for responding to different light waves
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Cones VS Rods
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Cones: Detect color an operate under normal daylight condition, allows us to focus on fine detail
Rods: Become active under low light conditions for night vision |
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Bipolar Cells
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Transmit signals to retinal ganglion cells (RGC) which organize the signals and send them to the brain
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Receptive Field
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The region on the sensory surface that when stimulated causes a change in the firing rate of that neuron
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3 Types of Cones
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1)Sensitive to red (long wavelengths)
2) Green (medium wavelengths) 3) Blue (short wavelengths) |
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Area V1
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The part of the occipital lobe that contains the primary Visual cortex, where encoded information is systematically mapped into a representation of the visual scene
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Ventral (Below) Pathway
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Travels across the occipital lobe to the lower levels of the temporal lobe and includes brain areas that represent an objects shape and identity (WHAT IT IS/ WHAT PATH)
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Dorsal (Above) Pathway
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Travels up from the occipital lobe to the parietal lobe connecting with brain areas that identify the location and motion of the object (WHERE ITS AT)
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Binding Problem
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How features are linked together so that we see unified objects in our visual world rather than free-floating or miscombined features
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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
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Is a benign technique that involves placing a powerful pulses magnet over a person's scalp, which temporarily alter neuronal activities in the brain
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Simplicity (G)
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when confronted with two or more possible interpretations of an objects shape the visual system tends to select the simplest or most likely interpretation
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Closure (G)
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We tend to fill the missing elements of a visual scene
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Continuity (G)
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Edges or contours that have the same orientation
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Similarity (G)
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Regions that are similar in color, lightness, shape, or texture are perceived as belonging to the same object
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Common Fate (G)
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Elements of a visual image that moves together as perceived as parts of a single object
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Figure-Ground (G)
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The tendency to perceive objects or figures as existing on a background
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Reversible Figure (G)
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Visual illusion in which the figure and ground can be reversed
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Monocular Depth Cues (MDC)
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Are aspects of a scene that yield information about depth when viewed with only one eye, rely on the relationship between distance and size
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Linear Perspective (MDC)
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A phenomenon that parallel lines seem to converge as they recede into the distance
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Texture Gradient (MDC)
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The fact that the size of elements on a patterned surface as well as the distance between them, appears to grow smaller as the surface recedes from the observer
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Interposition (MDC)
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The fact that when one object practically blocks another you can infer that the blocking object is closer than the blocked object
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Relative Height In the Image (MDC)
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The fact that objects that are closer to you are lower in your visual field while faraway objects are higher
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Binocular Disparity
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The difference in the retinal images of the two eyes that provide information about depth. each registers a slightly different view of the world
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Apparent Motion
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The is perception of movement as a result of alternating signals appearing in rapid succession in different locations (Las Vegas Signs)
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Change Blindness
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When people fail to detect changes to the visual details of a scene (ex: asking for directions experiment)
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Inattentive Blindness
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Which involves a failure to perceive objects that are not the focus of attention ( Clown on unicycle excitement)
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Frequency
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Corresponds to our perception of pitch (how high or low sound is)
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Complexity
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Corresponds to our perception of timbre (Pure tones and mix of frequency)
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Ear Drum
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Thin section of skin tightly covers the opening into the middle ear (like a drum)
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Ossicles (Hammer, Anvil, and Stirrup)
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Mechanically transmitters and intensifies vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear
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Cochlea (Latin for Snail)
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A fluid filled tube that us the organ of auditory transduction
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Basil Membrane
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A structure in the inner ear that insulates when vibrations from the ossicles reach the cochlear fluid
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Area A1
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A portion of the temporal lobe that contains the primary auditory cortex
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The Place Code
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Used mainly for high frequencies, is active when the cochlea encodes different frequencies at different locations along the basil membrane
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Temporal Code
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Registers low frequencies via the firing rate of action potentials entering the auditory nerve, synchronised (boom,boom,boom and fire,fire,fire)
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Haptic Perception
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Results from our active exploration of the environment by touching and grouping objectivity our hands
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Thermoreceptors
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Nerve fibers that sense cold and warmth, respond when your skin temperature changes
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A-Delta Fibers VS C-Fibers
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A-Delta: Transmit the initial sharp pain one might feel right away after the initial injury
C-Fibers: Transmit the longer duller pain that persists after the initial injury |
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Referred Pain
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Occurs when sensory information from internal and external areas converges on the same nerve cells in the spinal cord, (heart attack victim feels pain in arms but not chest)
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Gate Control Theory
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Which holds that signals arriving from pain receptors in the body can be stopped, or gated by interneurons in the spinal cord via feedback from two directions (running the affected area)
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Vestibular Sense
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The semicircular canals detects motion and enables us to maintain balance and our position of our bodies relative to gravity
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Olfactory Epithelsium
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Is a muscular membrane, contains 10 million olfactory receptor neurons
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Olfactory Receptor Neurons (ORN's)
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Receptor cells that initiate the sense of smell
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Olfactory Bulb
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A brain structure located above the nasal cavity beneath the frontal lobes, connects olfactory epithelium to the olfactory nerve to the brain
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5 Taste Sensations
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Salt, Bitter, Sour, Sweet, And Umami (Savory)
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Subliminal Stimuli
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Stimuli that are below the level of conscious awareness
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Subliminal Perception
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Process by why subliminal stimuli act upon the unconscious mind, influencing behavior
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Habituation
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Brain stops attending to constant, unchanging stimuli (where my eyes at?)
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Visible Light
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The length of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see
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Myopia VS Hyperopia
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Myopia: Nearsightedness
Hyperopia: Farsightedness |
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Monochrome Colorblindness
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Either having no cones or have cones that are not working property
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Arial Perspective
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Atmospheric perspective refers to the effect the atmosphere has on the appearance of an object as it is viewed from a distance
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Moon Illusion
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The moon on the horizon appears to be larger than the moon in the sky
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Conducted Hearing Imparement
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Can result from damaged ear drum, bones HAS. prevent sound to be carried to the auditory nerve
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Nerve Hearing Impairment
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Results from damage to the inner ear, interferes with sound being carried to the auditory nerve
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