Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
methods designed to observe and describe behavior
|
descriptive methods
|
|
when behavior changes as a result of the observation process
|
reactivity
|
|
the extent to which results generalize to other situations or are representative of real life
|
external validity
|
|
a descriptive research technique that records naturally occurring behavior as opposed to behavior produced in the laboratory
|
naturalistic observation
|
|
a descriptive research technique in which the effort is focused on a single case, usually an individual
|
case study
|
|
a DR technique designed to gather limited amounts of information from many people, usually by administering some kind of questionnaire
|
survey
|
|
a procedure guaranteeing that everyone in the population has an equal likelihood of being selected for the sample
|
random sampling
|
|
AD of naturalistic observation
|
A: behavior is natural, results can be generalized; D: research lacks control, can't determine cause
|
|
AD of case studies
|
A: gives historical perspective, D: difficulties in generalization based on one case
|
|
AD of surveys
|
A: can easily gather large amounts of info; D: sample bias, people misrepresent themselves
|
|
AD of psychological tests
|
A: potential practical uses, assess basics of mind; D: difficulties in test construction and validation
|
|
average of a set of scores
|
mean
|
|
most frequently occuring score in a set of them
|
mode
|
|
middle point in an ordered set of scores, half are above and half are below
|
median
|
|
a measure of how much the scores in a distribution of scores differ from one another
|
variability
|
|
difference between the largest and smallest scores in a distribution
|
range
|
|
an indication of how much individual scores differ or vary from the mean
|
standard deviation
|
|
mathematical techniques that help researchers decide whether data is representative of a population or whether differences among observations can be attributed to chance
|
interferential statistics
|
|
mathematical technique that helps researchers describe their data
|
descriptive characteristics
|
|
a statistic that indicates whether two variables vary together in a systematic way
|
correlation
|
|
a technique in which the investigator actively manipulates the environment to observe its effect on behavior
|
experimental research
|
|
the aspect of the environment that is manipulated in the experiment
|
independent variable
|
|
the behavior that is measured in an experiment
|
dependent variable
|
|
an uncontrolled variable that changes along with the independent variable
|
confounding variable
|
|
the extent to which an experiment has effectively controlled for confounding variables; internally valid experiments allow for the determination of casuality
|
internal validity
|
|
a technique ensuring that each participant in an experiment has an equal chance of being assigned to any of the conditions in the experiment
|
random assignment
|
|
an inactive, or inert, substance that resembles an experimental substance
|
placebo
|
|
experimental participants do not know which condition they have been assigned to (experimental vs. control); controls subject expectancies
|
single-blind study
|
|
neither participants nor research observers are aware of who had been assigned to the experimental and control groups; it's used to control for both subject and experimental expectancies
|
double-blind study
|
|
the principle that before consenting to participate in research, people should be fully informed about any significant factors that could affect their willingness to participate
|
informed consent
|
|
at the conclusion of an experimental session, informing the participants of the general purpose of the experiment, including any deception that was involved
|
debriefing
|
|
the principle that personal information obtained from a participant in research or therapy should not be revealed without the individual's permission
|
confidentiality
|