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32 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
methods designed to observe and describe behavior
descriptive methods
when behavior changes as a result of the observation process
reactivity
the extent to which results generalize to other situations or are representative of real life
external validity
a descriptive research technique that records naturally occurring behavior as opposed to behavior produced in the laboratory
naturalistic observation
a descriptive research technique in which the effort is focused on a single case, usually an individual
case study
a DR technique designed to gather limited amounts of information from many people, usually by administering some kind of questionnaire
survey
a procedure guaranteeing that everyone in the population has an equal likelihood of being selected for the sample
random sampling
AD of naturalistic observation
A: behavior is natural, results can be generalized; D: research lacks control, can't determine cause
AD of case studies
A: gives historical perspective, D: difficulties in generalization based on one case
AD of surveys
A: can easily gather large amounts of info; D: sample bias, people misrepresent themselves
AD of psychological tests
A: potential practical uses, assess basics of mind; D: difficulties in test construction and validation
average of a set of scores
mean
most frequently occuring score in a set of them
mode
middle point in an ordered set of scores, half are above and half are below
median
a measure of how much the scores in a distribution of scores differ from one another
variability
difference between the largest and smallest scores in a distribution
range
an indication of how much individual scores differ or vary from the mean
standard deviation
mathematical techniques that help researchers decide whether data is representative of a population or whether differences among observations can be attributed to chance
interferential statistics
mathematical technique that helps researchers describe their data
descriptive characteristics
a statistic that indicates whether two variables vary together in a systematic way
correlation
a technique in which the investigator actively manipulates the environment to observe its effect on behavior
experimental research
the aspect of the environment that is manipulated in the experiment
independent variable
the behavior that is measured in an experiment
dependent variable
an uncontrolled variable that changes along with the independent variable
confounding variable
the extent to which an experiment has effectively controlled for confounding variables; internally valid experiments allow for the determination of casuality
internal validity
a technique ensuring that each participant in an experiment has an equal chance of being assigned to any of the conditions in the experiment
random assignment
an inactive, or inert, substance that resembles an experimental substance
placebo
experimental participants do not know which condition they have been assigned to (experimental vs. control); controls subject expectancies
single-blind study
neither participants nor research observers are aware of who had been assigned to the experimental and control groups; it's used to control for both subject and experimental expectancies
double-blind study
the principle that before consenting to participate in research, people should be fully informed about any significant factors that could affect their willingness to participate
informed consent
at the conclusion of an experimental session, informing the participants of the general purpose of the experiment, including any deception that was involved
debriefing
the principle that personal information obtained from a participant in research or therapy should not be revealed without the individual's permission
confidentiality