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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a hypothesis? |
a testable prediction about what will happen under a given set ofconditions |
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What does falsifiable mean? |
A theory stated in such a clear, precise terms that we can see what evidence would count against it |
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Explain burden of proof |
The obligation to present evidence in support one's claim |
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What are the four research steps? |
1. Hypothesis 2. Method 3. Results 4. Interpretation |
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Explain Replicable results |
Results that anyone can obtain, at least approximately, by following the same proceedures |
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Explain meta-analysis |
Researchers combine the results of many studies and analyzes them as though they are one huge study |
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When would one use meta-analysis? |
When looking for small trends in data |
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What happens when data supports the hypothesis? |
Scientists usually form a theory |
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What is a theory? |
An explanation or model that fits many observations and makes accurate predictions |
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What is the Principal of Parsimony/Occam's Razor? |
When given a choice among explanations that seem to fit the facts, we prefer the one whose assumptions are fewer, simpler, or more consistent with other well established theories |
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Explain Extrasensory Perception (ESP) |
At least some people some of the time acquire information without receiving energy through any sense organ |
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What is operational definition? |
Definition that specifies the operations (or procedures) used to produceor measure something |
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What is experimenter bias? |
Tendency of theexperimenter to distort the results of the research |
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What is a blind observer? |
Blind to the hypothesis – they do not knowwhat the researcher expects to find |
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What is a placebo? |
Pill or treatment with no knownpharmacological effects; sugar pills. |
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What is the Hawthorn Effect? |
Subjects may act differently because they know they are being watched/tested |
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What is a convenience sample? |
a group chosen because of its easy of study |
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What is a representative sample? |
One that resembles the population |
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What is a random sample? |
Every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected |
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What is the best kind of sample? |
A random sample |
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What is a cross-cultural sample? |
Groups of people from at least 2 different cultures |
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What is a naturalistic observation? |
A careful examination of what happens under more or less natural conditions |
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What is a case history? |
A thorough description of a person, including abilities and disabilities, medical condition, life history, unusual experiences, and whatever else seems relevant |
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What is a survey? |
A study of prevalence of certain beliefs, attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors based on people's responses to questions |
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What are the problems with surveys? |
1. How do you know that people are answering honestly? 2. Survey results can be misleading, so its important to have a random sample 3. The wording of questions can create skewed results |
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What is a correlation? |
A measure of the relationship between 2 variables (ex: height and weight) |
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What is a correlation coefficient? |
A mathematical estimate of the relationship between two variables |
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What does it mean if the correlation coefficient is 0? |
There is no consistent relationship |
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What does it mean if a correlation coefficient is -1 or 1? |
It means that it is a perfect relationship |
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What does a positive correlation coefficient mean? |
It means if one variable increases so does the other |
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What does a negative correlation coefficient mean? |
If one variable increases, the other decreases |
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What are scatter plots? |
A plot where each dot represents a given individual where there is one measurement for the x-axis and one for the y-axis |
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What is an illusory correlation? |
An apparent relationship based on casual observations of unrelated or weakly related events |
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What is an experiment? |
A study in which the investigator manipulates at least 1 variable while measuring at least one other variable |
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What is an independent variable? |
The item that the experimenter changes/controls |
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What is a dependent variable? |
The item the experimenter measures to determine the outccome |
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What is the experimental group? |
The group that receives the treatment that an experiment is designed to test |
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What is the control group? |
The group treated in the same way as the experimental group except for the procedure that the experiment is designed to test |
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What is a random assignment? |
The experimenter uses a chance procedure. such as drawing names out of a hat, to make sure that every participant has the same probability as any other participant of being assigned to a given group |
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What is a single-blind study? |
Either the observer or the participants are unaware of which participant received which treatment |
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What is a double-blind study? |
Both the observer and the participants are unaware of which participant received which treatmen |
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What is demand characteristics? |
Cues that tell participants what is expected of them and what the experimenter hopes to find |
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What is informed consent? |
A statement that people give that states they have been told what to expect and that they agree to continue |
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What must happen before an experiment on humans can take place? |
It must be reviewed by the Institutional Review Board |
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What does the American Psychology Association do? |
Sets the standards for human treatment during experiments |
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What are the definitions of mean, median, and mode? |
1. Mean - Sum of all numbers divided by total amount of numbers 2. Median - The middle number out of all the numbers in order from highest to lowest 3. Mode - the number you see most of the time |
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What is range? |
The highest and lowest scores |
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What is standard deviation? |
A measurement of the amount of variation among scores in a normal distribution |
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What is inferential statistics? |
Statements about a large population based on an inference from a small sample |
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What does statistically significant mean? |
That the results are unlikely to have arisen by chance? |
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What does 'p' have to be to be statistically significant? |
Less than .05 |
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What is a 95% confidence interval? |
The range within the true population mean lies, with 95% certainty |
