Psychology: Chapter 2

Front 1

hindsight bias

Back 1

-I knew it all along
-tendency to believe, after an outcome, that one would have forseen it

Front 2

overconfidence

Back 2

-we overestimate our abilities
-more confident than correct

Front 3

scientific attitude

Back 3

-curiousity
-curious skepticism
-humility

Front 4

critical thinking

Back 4

-examine assumptions
-discern hidden values
-evaluate evidence
-assess conclusions
-ask questions
-be open minded
-identify bias
-review ALL evidence
-fact v. opinion
-think logically
-don't oversimply

Front 5

scientific method

Back 5

1. theory
2. hypothesis

Front 6

theory

Back 6

-explains through principles
-organizes observations
-predicts behaviors/events

Front 7

hypothesis

Back 7

a testable prediction often implied by a theory

Front 8

operational definitions

Back 8

-a specific definition for a test
-"hunger" = hours w/o eating

Front 9

replicate

Back 9

repeat w/ variables to measure whether results extend to other situations

Front 10

case study

Back 10

one person is studied in depth in hope of revealing universal principles

Front 11

survey

Back 11

-best at random/big groups/quick
-self answers
-careful wording
-population/random sample

cons:
-bias: people who like to take surveys
-can't control answers: lying/exaggerating

Front 12

correlation

Back 12

-how 2 factors relate
-coefficient (-1/+1)
-scatterplot: dot plot/slope
-does not confirm cause (sharks/ice cream)

Front 13

illusory correlation

Back 13

when a relationship is imagined

Front 14

experimentation

Back 14

variables are tested on random subjects to illicit a response

Front 15

double blind

Back 15

observer/subjects are unaware of groups

Front 16

placebo

Back 16

-fake treatment that sometimes illicits a response
-to test against another variable

Front 17

control

Back 17

what the variable is measure against

Front 18

confounding

Back 18

-no control
-can't discern what variable caused change
-sunlight in an experiment about water

Front 19

descriptive

Back 19

-observable/recordable behaviors
-good:
quick, good for no variables
-bad:
no variable control, can be misleading

Front 20

correlational

Back 20

-variables, natural relationships
-good:
large groups
-bad:
does not show cause/effect

Front 21

experimental

Back 21

-cause and effect
-good:
controlled variables, shows c/e
-bad:
may not generalize other contexts

Front 22

describing data: central tendency

Back 22

-mode
-median
-mean
-bell curve (normal)
-skewed
-bimodal

Front 23

describing data: variation

Back 23

-range
-standard deviation

Front 24

statistical significance

Back 24

how likely the outcome was from chance

Front 25

culture

Back 25

behaviors/ideas/attitudes/traditions shared by a people through generations

Front 26

testing on animals

Back 26

-usually safer than common things
-natural habitats
-genes
-preservation
-informed consent
-debriefing

Front 27

informed consent

Back 27

know enough to agree in participation

Front 28

debriefing

Back 28

-after the test
-explanation of everything

Front 29

intuition

Back 29

-gut feeling
-you know it's right
-instinct
-nature

Front 30

good inferences

Back 30

1. representative samples
2. less variable
3. more cases/evidence

Front 31

experiment steps

Back 31

1. have a question (theory)
2. hypothesis
3. research and observation
4. collect and analyze data
5. confirm or revise hypothesis
6. retest

Front 32

experiment

Back 32

a self correcting process/cycle for asking questions and observing answers

Front 33

naturalistic observation

Back 33

-honest answers
-size

-no communication
-fake behavior: being watched
-lose track of subjects
-hard to draw conclusions

Front 34

independent variable

Back 34

factor that you're testing (amount of water)

Front 35

dependent variable

Back 35

varies based on ind. v. (growth of plant)