Psychology Chapter 13

Front 1

personality

Back 1

the characteristic thoughts, emotional responses, and behaviors that are relatively stable in an individual over time and across circumstances

Front 2

personality trait

Back 2

a dispositional tendency to act in a certain way over time and across circumstances

Front 3

psychodynamic theory

Back 3

Freudian theory that unconscious forces, such as wishes and motives, influence behavior

Front 4

pleasure principle

Back 4

directs people to seek pleasure and avoid pain

Front 5

topographical model

Back 5

structure of the mind is divided into three zones of mental awareness

-conscious level- people are aware of their thoughts
-preconscious level- content that is not currently in awareness but that could be brought to awareness
-unconscious level- contains material that the mind cannot easily retrieve

Front 6

Freudian slip

Back 6

person accidently reveals a hidden motive

Front 7

psychosexual stage

Back 7

according to Freud, the developmental stages that correspond to the pursuit of satisfaction of libidinal urges

Front 8

oral stage

Back 8

lasts from birth to 18 months, pleasure is sought through the mouth

Front 9

anal stage

Back 9

2-3 years of age. learning to control the bowels

Front 10

phallic stage

Back 10

3-5 years of age. children rub genitals, but no sexual intent

Front 11

Oedipus complex

Back 11

same-sex parents considered rivals, children develop hostility toward that parent

Front 12

latency stage

Back 12

libidinal urges are suppressed or channeled into doing schoolwork or building friendships

Front 13

genital stage

Back 13

adolescents and adults attain mature attitudes about sexuality and adulthood

Front 14

id

Back 14

in psychodynamic theory, the component of personality that is completely submerged in the unconscious and operates according to the pleasure principle

Front 15

superego

Back 15

the internalization of societal and parental standards of conduct

Front 16

ego

Back 16

the component of personality that tries to satisfy the wishes of the id while being responsive to the dictates of the superego

Front 17

reality principle

Back 17

involves rational thought and problem solving

Front 18

defense mechanisms

Back 18

unconscious mental strategies the mind uses to protect itself from conflict and distress

Front 19

rationalization

Back 19

defense mechanism in which situational factors are blamed

Front 20

reaction formation

Back 20

occurs when a person wards off an uncomfortable thought about the self by embracing the opposite thought

Front 21

neo-Freudians

Back 21

Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney

Front 22

object relations theory

Back 22

the object of attachment is another person, such as a parent or spouse

Front 23

humanistic approaches

Back 23

approaches to studying personality that emphasize personal experience and belief systems, they propose that people seek personal growth to fulfill their human potential

Front 24

self-actualization

Back 24

fulfillment of greater self-understanding

Front 25

phenomenology

Back 25

subjective human experience

Front 26

personality types

Back 26

discrete categories based on global personality characteristics

Front 27

implicit personality theory

Back 27

tendency to assume that certain personality characteristics go together, and therefore to make predictions about people based on minimal evidence

Front 28

trait approach

Back 28

an approach to studying personality that focuses on the extent to which individuals differ in personality dispositions

Front 29

specific response level

Back 29

observed behavioral traits

Front 30

habitual response level

Back 30

repeated behavioral traits

Front 31

introversion/extraversion

Back 31

refers to the extent to which people are shy, reserved, and quiet versus sociable, outgoing, and bold

Front 32

emotional stability

Back 32

refers to the extent to which people's moods and emotions change

-neurotic-low in emotional stability, experience dramatic mood swings
-psychoticism- a mix of aggression, impulse control, and empathy
-restraint- people range from restrained to disinhibited

Front 33

five-factor theory

Back 33

the idea that personality can be described using five factors: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

Front 34

openness to experience

Back 34

imaginative vs. down to earth
likes variety vs. likes routine
independent vs. conforming

Front 35

conscientiousness

Back 35

organized vs. disorganized
careful vs. careless
self-disciplined vs. weak-willed

Front 36

extraversion

Back 36

social vs. retiring
fun-loving vs. sober
affectionate vs. reserved

Front 37

agreeableness

Back 37

softhearted vs. ruthless
trusting vs. suspicious
helfpful vs. uncooperative

Front 38

neuroticism

Back 38

worried vs. calm
insecure vs. secure
self-pitying vs. self-satisfied

Front 39

personal constructs

Back 39

people's understandings

Front 40

internal locus of control

Back 40

individuals bring about their own rewards

Front 41

external locus of control

Back 41

believe that rewards result from forcese beyond their control

Front 42

cognitive-social theories

Back 42

emphasize how personal beliefs, expectancies, and interpretations of social situations shape behavior and personality

Front 43

self-efficacy

Back 43

extent to which people believe they can achieve specific outcomes

Front 44

cognitive-affective personality system

Back 44

people's responses are influenced by how they perceive a given situation, their affective response to the situation, their skills in dealing with challenges, and their anticipation of the outcomes of their behavior

Front 45

idiographic approaches

Back 45

person-centered approaches to studying personality that focus on individual lives and how various characteristics are integrated into unique persons.

Front 46

nomothetic approaches

Back 46

approaches to studying personality that focus on how people vary across common traits

Front 47

projective measure

Back 47

personality tests that examine unconscious processes by having people interpret ambiguous stimuli

Front 48

Rorschach inkblot test

Back 48

people look at an apparently meaningless inkblot and describe what it looks like to them

Front 49

objective measures

Back 49

relatively direct assessments of personality, usually based on information gathered through self-report questionnaires or observer ratings

Front 50

TAT

Back 50

Thematic Apperception Test. used to uncover unconscious

Front 51

NEO Personality Inventory

Back 51

240 items designed to assess the Big 5 personality factors

Front 52

situationism

Back 52

the theory that behavior is determined more by situations than by personality traits

Front 53

interactionists

Back 53

theorists who believe that behavior is determined jointly by underlying dispositions and situations