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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Consistency
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stability over time and across situations
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Distinctiveness
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observed differences among people reacting to the same situation
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Personality
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Patterns of behaviour and thinking that prevail over time and situation.
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Goal of theories of personalities
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To identify personality traits, determine the variables that control and produce these characteristics
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Psychodynamic theory
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derived from Psychoanalytic theory.
It's a general theory of personality, motivation and psychological disorders |
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SEXUAL (psychoanalytic theory)
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Ways that one gratifies physical pleasures.
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ID
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Primitive, instinctual,
operates unconsciously, Primary source of LIBIDO |
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Pleasure Principle
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ID:
demands immediate gratification using: PRIMARY PROCESS THINKING (Illogical, irrational, fantasy) - Neurotic anxiety w/o gratification |
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EGO
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Self which controls and integrates behaviour. Mediates b/w the ID and the social world.
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Reality Principal
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Delay gratifications until appropriate outlets and situations can be found using: SECONDARY PROCESS THINKING (Rational, realistic, problem solving)
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Ego strives to...
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Maximize gratification, avoid negative consequences, attempts to achieve long range plans that delay gratification.
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Defense Mechanisms
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When the demands of the ID can't be met.
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Superego
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Moral components of personality, emerges from ego at 3-5 years,
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Conscience
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internalization of rules and restrictions. violations produce anxiety
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Conflict
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arises when the sexual or aggressive
drives of the id are aroused. Id demands gratification. |
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Internalized prohibitions
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Imposed by super ego. against behaviours necessary for gratification.Rules of behaviour that protect one from guilt.
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Compromise formation
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Results from the Id and superego
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3 Levels of awareness
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1) Conscious:whatever one is aware of at any time
2) preconscious: material just beneath the surface of awareness and easily retrieved 3)unconscious: thoughts, memories and desires that nonetheless influence behaviour |
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Iceberg analogy
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Shows that the unconscious is larger than the conscious, or preconscious. Ego and Superego at all 3 levels. ID entirely unconscious, urges expressed through the ego.
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Defense Mechanisms
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Some conflicts remain active unconsciously causing anxiety that reaches conscious awareness. EGO recruits defense mechanisms to resolve unconscious conflict
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Conscious Manifestations
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Slips of the tongue, jokes, dreams, anxiety symptoms, defense mechanisms..
Used as outlets to derive your needs and wishes |
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Rationalization
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false plausible excuses
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Repression
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Unpleasant events buried in the unconsious
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projection
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attributing own thoughts to someone else
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displacement
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diverting emotions from one source to another.
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Reaction formation
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behaving in a manner opposite to true feelings
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Sublimation
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channeling energy from an unacceptable drive to an acceptable one
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Conversion
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manifestations of conflict physically
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Psychosexual stages
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developmental periods (start at age 5) with a characteristic sexual focus that leave their mark on adult personality
challenges at each stage are met or the child becomes fixated through excessive gratification of needs excessive frustration of needs fixations affect adult personality fixations lead to an overemphasis on the psychosexual needs prominent during the fixated stage |
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Oral Stage
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First year: Stimulation through the mouth, excessive smoking and/or eating.
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Anal stage
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second year: Erotic pleasure from bowel movements. Either expulsive or retentive.
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Anal Expressive
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Destructive, cruel
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Anal Retentive
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Stingy, miserable
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Phallic Stage
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4 years: Erotic self stimulation.
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Oedipal Complex
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erotic preference for mother,
hostility towards father fixation produces preoccupation with manhood for girls, transfer love from mother to father because of penis envy fixation produces inferiority to men |
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Latency Stage
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6 years through puberty: Sexual urges suppressed.
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Genital stage
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Puberty: Urges expressed towards either of the sexes
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Personal Unconscious
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repressed of forgotten material, similar to psychoanalytic
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Collective Unconscious
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Storehouse of memory traces back to ancestral past
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Archetypes
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emotionally charged images, and thoughtforms that have universal meaning.
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Trait
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Durable disposition to behave in a specific way
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Superficial traits
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Characteristics of observable behaviour
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Fundamental Traits
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Core behavioural tendencies.
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Trait Theory
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measure the degree to which an individual
possesses a particular trait traits are not patterns of behaviour traits are underlying factors that are responsible for patterns of behaviour |
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Cattell
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Used factor analysis: If measurements of behavioural tendencies correlate then a single factor is influencing them.
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Source trait
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Primary factor underlying behaviour
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Surface trait
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groups of similar types of observable behaviour
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16 Personality questionaire
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Cattell: 187 item scale, evaluates 16 source traits, different patterns observed for different groups of individuals.
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Hierarchy of Personality Traits
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Higher order traits (Dimensions), Basic traits (source traits), Superficial traits (Surface traits).
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The Big Five
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McCrae and Costa: Personality composed of 5 primary dimensions. Extaversion, Neuroticism, Openness, agreableness, consciousness
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NEO-PI
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Neurotic, Extraverted, Openness - Personality Inventory test.
181 items, answer on a rate of 1-5. "I like most people I meet" |
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Three factor Model EYSENCK
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Based on 3 bipolar dimensions:
Extraversion - Introversion Neuroticism - Emotionally Stable Psychoticism - Self control |
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Eysenck Biological explanation
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arousal level of cerebral cortex
introverts: existing high levels of activation extroverts: low levels of activation extroverts require more stimulation to achieve optimum level whereas introverts reduce external stimulation |
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Bandura
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Personality shaped by learning
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Reciprical Determinism B
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Internal mental events, external environment, and overt behaviour all influence each other. Interpretation of situation important.
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Expectations
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perception of the contingencies of reinforcement for particular behaviours
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Cognitive behavioural approach
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Personality influenced through the observational learning of the model
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Self Efficacy
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Ability to perform behaviours that should lead to expected outcomes
more self-efficacy: manipulation of environment, maintenance under adversity less self-efficacy: reduced frequency and quality of behaviour-environment interactions |
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Maslow
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Humans are motivated by the need of self-actualization
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Hierarchy of needs
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Motivated towards different activities.
needs satisfied at one level before moving to the next. |
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Rogers
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Person centered therapy. Humanist theory.
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Self Concept and Incongruence
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Beliefs about ones nature, qualities and behaviours.
Disparity. |
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Humanist theory:
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conditional love and affection responsible for development of personality problems.
-experiences that threaten the self-concept produce anxiety and individuals behave defensively by reinterpreting experience. |
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two categories of personality tests
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objective self report and projective tests
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Objective self report
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questions about characteristic behaviour
-T/F, multiple-choice, rating scale -e.g., 16PF, NEO-PI for normal personality -MMPI-2 evaluates personality disorders |
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Projective test
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Ambiguous stimuli
projection of personality through interpretation. |
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Thematic apperception test TAT
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-ambiguous situation, tell a story
-infer psychological needs expressed in stories -common themes across stories |
