Psychology Chapter 11: Motivation And Work

Front 1

Motivation

Back 1

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

Front 2

Instinct

Back 2

A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.

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Drive- Reduction Theory

Back 3

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

Front 4

Homeostaiss

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A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state, chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

Front 5

Incentive

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A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.

Front 6

Hierarchy of Needs

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Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

Front 7

Glucose

Back 7

The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major sour of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

Front 8

Set Point

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The point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

Front 9

Sexual Response Cycle

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The four stags of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson- excitement, plateau, orgasm and resolution.

Front 10

Refractory Period

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A resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.

Front 11

Sexual Dysfunction

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A problem that constantly impairs sexual arousal or functioning.

Front 12

Paraphilias

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Experiencing sexual arousal from fantasies, behaviors, or urges incoming non-human objects, the suffering of self or others, and/or nonconsenting persons.

Front 13

Estrogens

Back 13

Sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

Front 14

Testosterone

Back 14

The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

Front 15

Sexual Orientation

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An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation).

Front 16

Flow

Back 16

A completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills.

Front 17

Industrial- Organizational (I/O) Psychology

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The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.

Front 18

Personnel Psychology

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A subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development.

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Organizational Psychology

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A subfield of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change.

Front 20

Human Factors Psychology

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A subfield of I/O psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use.

Front 21

Structured Interviews

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Interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales.

Front 22

Achievement Motivation

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A desire for dignificant accomplishment; for mastery skills or ideas; for rapidly attaining a high standard.

Front 23

Task Leadership

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Goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals.

Front 24

Social Leadership

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Group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support.

Front 25

Psychotherapy

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Treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.

Front 26

Biomedical Therapy

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Prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology.

Front 27

Eclectic Approach

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An approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy.

Front 28

Psychoanalysis

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Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences- and the therapist's interpretation of them- released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.

Front 29

Resistance

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In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.

Front 30

Interpretation

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In psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.

Front 31

Transference

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In psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent).

Front 32

Psychodynamic Therapy

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Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self- insight.

Front 33

Insight Therapies

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A variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses.

Front 34

Client-Centered Therapy

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A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate client's growth (AKA person-centered therapy).

Front 35

Active Listening

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Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Roger's client centered therapy.

Front 36

Unconditional Positive Regard

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A caring, accepting, nonjudgemental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self- awareness and self- acceptance.

Front 37

Behavior Therapy

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Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.

Front 38

Counterconditioning

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A behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.

Front 39

Exposure Therapies

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Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid.

Front 40

Systematic Desensitization

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A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety- triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

Front 41

Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy

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An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to electronic simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking.

Front 42

Aversive Conditioning s

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A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol).

Front 43

Token Economy

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An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats.

Front 44

Cognitive Therapy

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Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.

Front 45

Rational- Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

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A confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions.

Front 46

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

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A popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior).

Front 47

Group Therapy

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Therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction.

Front 48

Family Therapy

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Therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individuals's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members.

Front 49

Meta- Analysis

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A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies.

Front 50

Evidence- Based Practice

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Clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences.

Front 51

Therapeutic Alliance

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A bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem.

Front 52

Psychopharmacology

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The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior.

Front 53

Antipsychotic Drugs

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Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder.

Front 54

Antianxiety Drugs

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Drugs to control anxiety and agitation.

Front 55

Antidepressant Drugs

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Drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post traumatic stress disorder. (several widely used antidepressant drugs are selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors).

Front 56

Electroconvulsive Therapy

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A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.

Front 57

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

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The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity.

Front 58

Psychosurgery

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Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior.

Front 59

Lobotomy

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A psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollable emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion- controlling centers of the inner brain.

Front 60

Resilience

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The personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and trauma.