Psychology Chapter 10

Front 1

developmental psychology

Back 1

Study of the changes that occur in people from birth through old age.

Front 2

cross-sectional study

Back 2

Method of studying development changes by comparing people of different ages at about the same time.

Front 3

Cohort

Back 3

Group of people born during the same period in historical time.

Front 4

Longitudinal Study

Back 4

Methods of studying developmental changes by evaluating the same people at different points in their lives.

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Biographical (or retrospective) Study

Back 5

Method of studying developmental changes by reconstructing people's past through interviews and interferring the effects of past events on current behavior.

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prenatal development

Back 6

Development from conception to birth.

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embryo

Back 7

developing human through 2 weeks and 3 months after conception.

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fetus

Back 8

developing human between 3 months after conception and birth.

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placenta

Back 9

organ by which an embryo or fetus is attracted to its mother's uterus and that nourishes it during prenatal development.

Front 10

teratogens

Back 10

toxic substances such as alcohol or nicotine that cross the placenta and may result in birth defects.

Front 11

critical period

Back 11

time when certain internal and external influences have a major effect on development at other periods the same influences will have little or no effect.

Front 12

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Back 12

Disorder that occurs in children of women who drink alcohol during pregnancy that is characterized by facial deformities, heart defects, stunted growth, and cognitive impairments.

Front 13

neonates

Back 13

newborn babies.

Front 14

rooting reflex

Back 14

relfex that causes a newborn baby to turn its head toward something that touches its cheek and to grope around with its mouth.

Front 15

sucking reflex

Back 15

newborn baby's tendency to suck on objects placed in the mouth.

Front 16

swallowing reflex

Back 16

reflex that enables the newborn to swallow liquids without choking.

Front 17

grasping relfex

Back 17

relfex that causes newborn babies to close their fists around anything that is put in their hands.

Front 18

stepping reflex

Back 18

reflex that causes newborn babies to make little stepping motions if they are held together with their feet just touching a surface.

Front 19

temperament

Back 19

characteristic patterns of emotional reactions and emotional self-regulation.

Front 20

developmental norms

Back 20

ages by which an average child achieves various developmental milestones.

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maturation

Back 21

automatic biological unfolding of development in an organism as a function of the passage of time.

Front 22

sensory-motor stage

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piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development between birth and 2 years of age in which the individual develops object permanence and acquires the ability to form mental representations.

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object permanence

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concept that things continue to exist even when they are out of sight.

Front 24

mental representation

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mental images or symbols (such as words) used to think about or remember an object, a person, or an event.

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preoperational stage

Back 25

in piagets theory, stage of cognitive development between 2 and 7 years in age in which the individual becomes able to use mental representation and language to describe, remember, and reason about the world, though only in an egoncentric fashion.

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egocentric

Back 26

describes the inability to see things from another's point of view.

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concrete-operational stage

Back 27

piaget's theory, stage of congitive development between 7 and 11 years old in which the individual can attend to more than 1 thing at a time and understand someone else's point of view, though thinking is limited to concrete matters.

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principle of conservation

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concept that the quantity of a substance is not altered by reversible changes in its appearance.

Front 29

formal-operational stage

Back 29

piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development between 11 and 15 years of age in which the individual becomes capable of abstract thought.

Front 30

bubbling

Back 30

baby's vocalization, consisting of repitition of consonant-vowel combinations.

Front 31

holophrases

Back 31

one-word sentences comonly used by children under 2 years of age.

Front 32

language acquisition device

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hypothetical neural mechanism for acquiring language that is presumed to be wired into all humans.

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imprinting

Back 33

tendency in certain species to follow the first moving thing (usually its mother) it sees after it is born or hatched.

Front 34

attachment

Back 34

emotionally bond that develops in the first year of life that makes human babies cling to their caregivers for safety and comfort.

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autonomy

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sense of independence; a desire not to be controlled by others.

Front 36

socialization

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process in which children learn the behaviors and attitudes appropriate to their family and culture.

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solitary play

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child engaged in a recreational activity alone; the earliest form of play.

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parellel play

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two children playing side by side at similar activities but paying little attention or no attention to each other, the earliest kind of social interaction between toddlers.

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cooperative play

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two or more children engaged in play that requires interaction.

Front 40

peer group

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network of same-aged friends and acquaintances who give one another emotional and social support.

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nonshared environment

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unique aspects of the environment of the environment that are experienced differently by siblings even though they are reared in the same family.

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gender identity

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little girl's knowledge that she is a girl, and little boy's knowledge that he is a boy.

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gender constancy

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realization that gender does not change the age.

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gender-role awareness

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knowledge of what behavior is appropriate for each gender.

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gender stereotypes

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general beliefs about characteristics that men and women are presumed to have.

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sex-typed behavior

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socially prescribed ways of behaving that differ for boys and girls.

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growth spurt

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rapid increase in height and weight that occurs during adolscense.

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puberty

Back 48

onset of sexual maturation; with accompanying physical development

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menarche

Back 49

first menstrual period

Front 50

imaginary audience

Back 50

elkind's term for adolscent's delusion that they are constantly being observed by others.

Front 51

personal fable

Back 51

elkind's term for adolscent's delusions they are unique, very important and invulnerable.

Front 52

identity formation

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erikson's term for the development of a stable sense of self necessary to make the transition from dependence on others to dependence on oneself.

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indentity crisis

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period of intense self examination and decision making; part of the process of identity formation.

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cliques

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groups of adolescents with similar interests and strong mutual attachment.

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midlife crisis

Back 55

time when adults discover they no longer feel fulfilled in their jobs or personal lives and attempt to make a decisive shift in career or lifestyle.

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midlife transition

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according to levinson, a process whereby adults assess the past and formulate new goals for the future.

Front 57

menopause

Back 57

time in a woman's life when menstruation ceases.

Front 58

alzheimer's disease

Back 58

neurological disorder, most commonly found in late adulthood, characaterized by progressive losses in memory and cognition and changes in personality.