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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
def. experiment
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a situation in which the researcher manipulates 1 variable and observes the effect of that manipulation on another variable, while holding all other variables constant
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def. theory
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an integrated set of propositions used 2 explain certain phenomena, including behavior and mental processes
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def. naturalistic observation
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the process of watching without interfering as a phenomenon occurs in the natural environment
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def. case studies
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research involving the intensive examination of some phenomenon in a particular individual, group, or situation
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def. surveys
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research that involves giving people questionaires or interviews, designed 2 describe their attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and intentions
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def. reliability
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the degree 2 which test results or other research evidence occurs repeatedly
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def. validity
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the degree 2 which evidence from a test or other research evidence occurs repeatedly
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gestalt psychology founders
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max wertheimer
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gestalt psychology goals
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2 describe organization of mental processes; "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts"
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gestalt psychology methods
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observation of sensory/perceptual phenomena
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psychoanalysis founders
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sigmund freud
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psychoananlysis methods
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study of individual cases
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psychoanalysis goals
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2 explain personality and behavior, 2 develop techniques 4 treating mental disorders
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functionalism founders
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william james
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functionalism goals
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2 study how the mind works in allowing an organism 2 adapt 2 the environment
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functionalism methods
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naturalistic observation of animal and human bahavior
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behaviorism founders
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john B watson and b. f. skinner
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behaviorism goals
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2 study only observable behavior and explain behavior via learning principles
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behaviorism methods
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observation of the relationship between environmental stimuli and behavioral responses
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structuralism founders
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edward titchener (trained by wilhelm wundt)
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structuralism goals
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2 study conscious experience and its structure
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structuralism methods
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experiments, introspection
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nature vs. nurture def.
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the continuing debate over whether heredity (nature) or environmental (nurture) is most central or important 2 psychology and human development
(intricately linked) |
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nature characteristics
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genetic makeup, hormones, structure of body
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nurture characteristics
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way brought up, life experiences or culture, environment
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physiology( biology)
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influenced the early discipline of psychology (where the brain and the body were related 2 different behavioral functions in the 1600s and early 1800s)
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Aristotle born
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1)Greek Philosopher (384-323 BC)
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Aristotle lectured on
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dreams, the senses, memory, and learning
earliest known origin of psychology as a discipline and area of teaching and learning |
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Rene Descartes
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mathmetician and french philosopher
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Rene Descartes beliefs
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proposed the concept of "dualism" or "interactive dualism" where the body and mind are different and separate entities and concept of "autonotom"
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concept dualism
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body mind separate
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Wilhelm Wundt
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German psych in experimental scientist
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Wilhelm Wundt is important because
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1)Founder of Psychology
2)established the first research laboratory in psychology |
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William James is
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American Psychologist who studied development
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William James
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examined and established functionalism or the application of psychology to how behavior "functions" in education, child rearing, and environment
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G. Stanley Hall
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student of Willaim James
received phd in Psychology in the U.S. |
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G. Stanley Hall Accomplishments
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1)established 1st psychological research lab at John Hopkins Uiniversity in 1883
2)began/published the American Journal of Psychology and was elected 1st president of american psychological association (APA) (most prominent) |
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sigmund freud is
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Austrian physician
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sigmund freud import. b/c
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founder of psychoanalysis
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sigmund freud beleifs:
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1)emphasized human behavior in stages
2)beleived huamn behavior was partially conscious and partially unconsciousand motivated by sexual or aggressive instincts 3)early childhood experiences form personality in adulthood |
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main sigmund freud image
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iceburg with disturbing thoughts in subconscious that could be brought into conscious
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cognitive psych keys
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1)sensation/perception
2)learning /memory a)repress/recover traumatic 3)judgement/decision making/problem-solving |
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another name for biological psych.
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nu=euroscientists or physiological psychologists
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personality psych keys
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1)individuality
2)positive psychologists (people who remain optimistic) 3)combonation of traits can predict behavior |
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developmental psychologist keys
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changes over life span (cause/effects)
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quantitaitve psychologist keys
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1)dev./use statistical methods
2)correlation coefficient a)evaluate validity test |
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clinical, counseling, and community psych. all
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study causes of behavior disorders and offer services 2 help overcome
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clinical keys
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phd
therapy research |
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counseling keys
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phd, masters
mental health counselor example |
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community keys
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homeless
try to prevent poverty and other conditions |
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psychiatrist keys
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medical doctor
specialty abnormal psych. |
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educational psych. keys
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teaching/learning
jigsaw technique(children from various ethnic groups must work together) |
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examples forensic psychology
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criminal profiles
jury selection insanity |
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sceintific psychology has roots in
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philosophy, especially epiricism
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empiricists
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believe mind is like blank slate for experiences
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Charles Darwin
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in 1859 published origin of species
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charles darwin believed
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1)forms of life result of evolution
2)through natural selection those that can withstand survive and pass on 2 offspring 3)those that can't adapt die out |
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wundt explored
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conscious
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wundt used
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introspection
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edward titchener
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implemented wundts ideas
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