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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
def. biological approach
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The view that behavior is the result of physical processes, especially those relating to the brain, 2 hormones, & 2 other chemicals
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def. engineering psychologists
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Psychologists who study & try to improve the relationships between human beings & the computers & other machines they use.
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def. forensic psychologists
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psychologists who are involved in many aspects as psychology and law
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def. sport psychologists
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psychologists whose research is aimed at maximizing athletic performance
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def. educational psychologists
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psychologists who study methods by which instructors teach and students learn and who apply their results 2 improving such methods
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def. health psychologists
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psychologist who study the effects of behavior on health and the impact of illness on behavior and emotion
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def. industrial/orginizational psychologists
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psychologists who examine factors that influence people's performance in the workplace
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def. social psychologists
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psychologists who study how people influence one another's behavior and attitudes, especially in groups
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def. school psychologists
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psychologists who test iq, diagnose students; academic problems, and set up programs to improve students' achievement
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def. consciousness
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the awareness of external stimuli and our own mental activity
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def. empiricism
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the view that knowledge comes from experience and observation
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def. environmental psychologists
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psychologist who study the relationship between people's physical environment and their behavior
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def. sociocultural variables
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social identity and other background factors, such as gender, ethnicity, social class, and culture
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humanistic characteristic
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emphasizes individual potential 4 growth and the role of unique perceptions in guiding behavior and mental processes
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cognitive characteristic
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emphasizes mechanisms through whcih people receive, store, retrieve, and otherwise process information
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behavioral characteristic
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emphasizes learning, especially each person's experience with rewards and punishments
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psychodynamic characteristic
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emphasizes internal conflicts, mostly unconscious, which usually pit sexual or aggressive instincts against environmental obstacles 2 their expression
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evolutionary characteristic
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emphasizes the ways in which behavior and mental processes are adaptive 4 survival
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biological characteristic
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emphasizes activity of the nervous system, especially of the brain; the action of hormones and other chemicals and genetics
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def. humanistic approach
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a view of behavior as controlled by the decisions that people make about their lives based on their perceptions of the world
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def. cognitive approach
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a view that emphasizes research on how the brain takes in information, creates perceptions, forms and retireves memories, processes information, and generates integrated patterns of action
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def. behavioral approach
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a view based on the assumption that human behavior is determined mainly by what a person has learned in life, especailly by rewards and punishments
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def. psychodynamic approach
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a view developed by Freud emphasizing unconscious mental processes in explaining human thought, feelings, and behavior
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def. evolutionary approach
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a view that emphasizes the inherited, adaptive aspects of behavior and mental processes
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def. variables
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specific factors or characteristics that can take on different numerical values in research
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def. operational definitions
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statements that define phenomena or variables by describing the exact research operations or methods used in measuring or manipulating them
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def. hypothesis
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in scientific research, a specific,testable proposition about a phenomenon
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def. critical thinking
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the process of assessing claims and making judgements on the basis of well-supported evidence
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def. culture
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the accumulation of values, rules of behavior, forms of expression, religious beliefs, and occupational choices 4 a group of people who share a common language and environment
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def. statistically significant
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referring 2 a correlation or a difference between 2 groups, that is larger than would be expected by chance
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def. correlation
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the degree in which 1 variable is related to another
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def. data
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numbers that represent research findings and provide the basis for conclusions
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def. biased sample
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a group of research participants selected from a population each of whose members did not have an equal chance of being chosen 4 study
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def. random sample
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a group of research participants selected from a population each of whose members had an equal chance of being chosen
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def. sampling
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the process of selecting participants who are members of the population that the researcher wishes to study
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def. double blind design
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a research design in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group
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def. experimenter bias
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a confounding variable that occurs when an experimenter unintentionally encourages participants 2 respond in a way that supports the hypothesis
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def. placebo
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a treatment that contains no active ingredient but produces an effect because the person receiving it believes it will
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def. random assignment
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a procedure through which random variables are evenly distributed in an experiment by placing participants in experimental and control groups on the basis of a coin flip or some other random process
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def. random variables
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uncontrolled or uncontrollable factors that affect the dependent variable along with, or instead of, the independent variable
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def. confounding variable
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any fact that affects the dependent variable along with, or instead of, the independent variable
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def. control group
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the group that receives no treatment or provides some other baseline against which 2 compare the performance or response of the experimental group
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def. experimental group
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the group that receives the experimental treatment
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def. dependent variables
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in an experiment, the factor affected by the independent variable
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def. independent variable
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in an experiment, the variable manipulated by the researcher
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def. experiment
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a situation in which the researcher manipulates 1 variable and observes the effect of that manipulation on another variable, while holding all other variables constant
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def. surveys
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research that involves giving people questionaires or interviews, designed 2 describe their attitides, beliefs, opinions, and intentions
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def. case studies
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research involving the intensive examination of some phenomenon in a praticular individual, group, or situation
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def. naturalistic observation
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the process of watching without interfering as a phenomenon occurs in the natural environment
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def. experiment
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a situation in which the researcher manipulates 1 variable and observes the effect of that manipulation on another variable, while holding all other variables constant
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def. theory
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an integrated set of propositions used 2 explain certain phenomena, including behavior and mental processes
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def. experiment
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a situation in which the researcher manipulates 1 variable and observes the effect of that manipulation on another variable, while holding all other variables constant
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def. surveys
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research that involves giving people questionaires or interviews, designed 2 describe their attitides, beliefs, opinions, and intentions
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def. experiment
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a situation in which the researcher manipulates 1 variable and observes the effect of that manipulation on another variable, while holding all other variables constant
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def. experiment
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a situation in which the researcher manipulates 1 variable and observes the effect of that manipulation on another variable, while holding all other variables constant
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def. surveys
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research that involves giving people questionaires or interviews, designed 2 describe their attitides, beliefs, opinions, and intentions
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def. case studies
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research involving the intensive examination of some phenomenon in a praticular individual, group, or situation
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def. validity
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the degree to which evidence from a test or other research evidence occurs repeatedly
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def. surveys
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research that involves giving people questionaires or interviews, designed 2 describe their attitides, beliefs, opinions, and intentions
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def. case studies
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research involving the intensive examination of some phenomenon in a praticular individual, group, or situation
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def. naturalistic observation
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the process of watching without interfering as a phenomenon occurs in the natural environment
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def. reliability
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the degree 2 which test results or other research evidence occurs repeatedly
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def. naturalistic observation
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the process of watching without interfering as a phenomenon occurs in the natural environment
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def. case studies
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research involving the intensive examination of some phenomenon in a praticular individual, group, or situation
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founders Gestalt Psychology
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Max Wertheimer
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def. theory
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an integrated set of propositions used 2 explain certain phenomena, including behavior and mental processes
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def. surveys
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research that involves giving people questionaires or interviews, designed 2 describe their attitides, beliefs, opinions, and intentions
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def. naturalistic observation
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the process of watching without interfering as a phenomenon occurs in the natural environment
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def. case studies
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research involving the intensive examination of some phenomenon in a praticular individual, group, or situation
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Goals Gestalt Psychology
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2 describe organization of mental processes; "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts"
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def. naturalistic observation
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the process of watching without interfering as a phenomenon occurs in the natural environment
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def. validity
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the degree to which evidence from a test or other research evidence occurs repeatedly
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def. theory
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an integrated set of propositions used 2 explain certain phenomena, including behavior and mental processes
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def. theory
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an integrated set of propositions used 2 explain certain phenomena, including behavior and mental processes
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def. validity
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the degree to which evidence from a test or other research evidence occurs repeatedly
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methods of Gestalt Psychology
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observation of sensory/perceptual phenomena
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def. reliability
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the degree 2 which test results or other research evidence occurs repeatedly
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def. theory
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an integrated set of propositions used 2 explain certain phenomena, including behavior and mental processes
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def. validity
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the degree to which evidence from a test or other research evidence occurs repeatedly
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founders psychoanalysis
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Sigmund Freud
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def. reliability
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the degree 2 which test results or other research evidence occurs repeatedly
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founders Gestalt Psychology
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Max Wertheimer
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def. validity
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the degree to which evidence from a test or other research evidence occurs repeatedly
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Goals Psychoanalysis
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2 explain personality and behavior, to develop techniques for treating mental disorders
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def. reliability
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the degree 2 which test results or other research evidence occurs repeatedly
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founders Gestalt Psychology
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Max Wertheimer
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Goals Gestalt Psychology
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2 describe organization of mental processes; "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts"
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Goals Gestalt Psychology
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2 describe organization of mental processes; "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts"
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methods of Gestalt Psychology
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observation of sensory/perceptual phenomena
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methods of Gestalt Psychology
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observation of sensory/perceptual phenomena
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founders psychoanalysis
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Sigmund Freud
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founders psychoanalysis
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Sigmund Freud
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founders Gestalt Psychology
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Max Wertheimer
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Methods of Psychoanalysis
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study of individual cases
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Goals Gestalt Psychology
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2 describe organization of mental processes; "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts"
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def. reliability
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the degree 2 which test results or other research evidence occurs repeatedly
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Goals Psychoanalysis
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2 explain personality and behavior, to develop techniques for treating mental disorders
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founders functionalism
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William James
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methods of Gestalt Psychology
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observation of sensory/perceptual phenomena
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founders Gestalt Psychology
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Max Wertheimer
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Goals Functionalism
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2 study how the mind works in allowing an organism 2 adapt 2 the environment
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Goals Psychoanalysis
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2 explain personality and behavior, to develop techniques for treating mental disorders
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Methods of Psychoanalysis
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study of individual cases
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founders psychoanalysis
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Sigmund Freud
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Goals Gestalt Psychology
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2 describe organization of mental processes; "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts"
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Methods of Psychoanalysis
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study of individual cases
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founders functionalism
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William James
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founders functionalism
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William James
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Goals Psychoanalysis
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2 explain personality and behavior, to develop techniques for treating mental disorders
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methods of Gestalt Psychology
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observation of sensory/perceptual phenomena
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Goals Functionalism
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2 study how the mind works in allowing an organism 2 adapt 2 the environment
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founders psychoanalysis
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Sigmund Freud
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Methods of Psychoanalysis
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study of individual cases
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Goals Functionalism
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2 study how the mind works in allowing an organism 2 adapt 2 the environment
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Goals Psychoanalysis
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2 explain personality and behavior, to develop techniques for treating mental disorders
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founders functionalism
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William James
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Methods of Psychoanalysis
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study of individual cases
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Goals Functionalism
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2 study how the mind works in allowing an organism 2 adapt 2 the environment
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founders functionalism
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William James
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Goals Functionalism
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2 study how the mind works in allowing an organism 2 adapt 2 the environment
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def. experiment
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a situation in which the researcher manipulates 1 variable and observes the effect of that manipulation on another variable, while holding all other variables constant
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def. surveys
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research that involves giving people questionaires or interviews, designed 2 describe their attitides, beliefs, opinions, and intentions
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def. case studies
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research involving the intensive examination of some phenomenon in a praticular individual, group, or situation
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def. naturalistic observation
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the process of watching without interfering as a phenomenon occurs in the natural environment
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def. theory
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an integrated set of propositions used 2 explain certain phenomena, including behavior and mental processes
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def. validity
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the degree to which evidence from a test or other research evidence occurs repeatedly
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def. reliability
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the degree 2 which test results or other research evidence occurs repeatedly
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founders Gestalt Psychology
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Max Wertheimer
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Goals Gestalt Psychology
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2 describe organization of mental processes; "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts"
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methods of Gestalt Psychology
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observation of sensory/perceptual phenomena
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founders psychoanalysis
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Sigmund Freud
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Goals Psychoanalysis
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2 explain personality and behavior, to develop techniques for treating mental disorders
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Methods of Psychoanalysis
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study of individual cases
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founders functionalism
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William James
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Goals Functionalism
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2 study how the mind works in allowing an organism 2 adapt 2 the environment
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