Psychology: Chap 8: Learning

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is any relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience

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learning

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organisms learn that certain events occur together. Two variations are classical conditioning and operant learning.

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associative learning

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is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes capable of triggering a contitioned response after having become associated with an unconditioned stimulus

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classical conditioning

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is the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies only observable behaviorswithout references to mental processes

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behaviorism

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the unlearned, involuntary response to the unconditioned stimulus

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unconditioned response

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is the stimulous that naturally and automatically triggers the reflexive unconditioned response

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unconditioned stimulus

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is the learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus, which results from the aquired association between the CS and US

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conditioned response

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is an originally neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a CR after association with an unconditioned stimulus

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conditioned stimulus

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refers to the initial stage of conditioning in which the new response is established and gradually strengthened.

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aquisition

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refers to the weakening of a CR when the CS is no longer followed by the US; in operant conditioningit occurs when a response is no longer reinforced

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extinction

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is the apperance of an extinguished CR after a rest period

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spontaneous recovery

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refers to the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the original CS to evoke a CR

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generalization

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in classical conditioning refers to the ability to distinguish the CS from similar stimuli that do not signal a US

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discrimination

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is a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

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operant conditioning

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is that occure as an automatic response to some stimulus

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respondent behavior

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is behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

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operant behavior

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which states that behaviors followed by favorable consequences are likely to recur, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

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law of effect

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is the experimental chamber for the operant conditioning... rat pressing the bar

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operant chamber/ skinner box

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is the operant conditioning procedure establishing a new response by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behaviors

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shaping

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is any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

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reinforcer

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strengthens a response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after that response

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positive reinforcement

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strengthens a response by removing an aversive stimulus after that response

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negative reinforcement

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are inborn and do not depend on learning

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primary reinforcers

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are stimuli that aquire their reinforcing power through their association with primary reinforcers

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conditioned reinforcers

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is the operant procedure of reinforcing the desired reponseevery time it occurs.

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condtinuous reinforcement

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is the operant procedure of reinforcing a response intermittanly

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partial reinforcement

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is one in which reinforcement is presented after a set number of responses

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fixed ratio schedule

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is one in which reinforement is presented after a varying number of responses

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variable ratio schedule

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is one in which a response is reinforced after a specified time has elapsed

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fixed interval schedule

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is one in which responses are reinforced after varying intervals of time

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variable interval schedule

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is the presentation of an aversive stimulus which decreases the behavior it follows

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punishment

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is the mental picture of one's environment

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cognitive map

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is learning that occurs int he absence of reinforcement but only becomes apparent when there is an incentive to demonstrate it

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latent learning

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is the desire to preform a behavior for its own sake, rather than for some external reason, and to be effective

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intrinsic motivation

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is the desire to perform a behavior in order to obtain a reward or aviod a punishment

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extrinsic motivation

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is learning by watchinng and imitating thw behavior of others

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observational learning

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is the process of watching and then imitating a specific behavior

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modeling

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may be the neural basis for observational learning

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mirror neurons

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is positive, helpful, and constructive and is subject to the same prinicples of observational learning as is undesirable behavior

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prosocial learning

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Kelsey Moore
Period 2
10-14-2011
Chapter 8 vocab

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