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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The mental activities involved in aqcuiring, retaining, and using knowledge.
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cognition
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The manipulation of mental representations of information in order to draw inferences and conclusions.
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thinking
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A mental representation of objects or events tha are not physically present.
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mental image
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A mental category of objects or ideas based on properties they share.
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concept
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A mental category that is formed by learning the rules of features that define it.
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formal concept
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A mental category that is formed as a result of everyday experience.
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natural concept
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The most typical instance of a particular concept.
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prototype
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Individual instances of a concept or category, held in memory.
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exemplars
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Thinking and behavior directed toward attaining a goal that is not readily available.
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problem solving
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A problem-solving strategy that involves attempting attempting different solutions and eliminating those that do not work.
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trial and error
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A problem-solving strategy that involves following a specific rule, procedure or method that inevitably produces the cirrect solution.
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algorithm
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A problem-solving strategy that involves following a general rule of thumb to reduce the number of possible solutions.
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heuristic
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The sudden realization of how a problem can be solved.
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insight
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Coming to a conclusion or making a judgement without conscious awareness of the thought processes involved.
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intuition
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The tendency to view objects as functioning only in their usual or customary way.
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functional fixedness
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The tendency to persist in solving problems with solutions that have worked in the past.
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mental set
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A strategy in which the likelihood of an event is estimated on the basis of how readily available other instances of the event are in memory.
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availability heuristic
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A srategy in which the likelihood of an event is estimated by comparing how similar it is to the prototype of the event.
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representativeness heuristic
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A system for combining arbitrary symbols to produce an infinite number of meaningful statements.
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language
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The hypothesis that differences among languages cause differences in the thoughts of their speakers.
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linguistic relativity hypothesis
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The study of animal learning, memory, thinking, and language
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animal cognition
also called comparative cognition |
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The global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment.
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intelligence
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A measurement of intelligence in which an individual's mental level is expressed in terms of the average abilities of a given age group.
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mental age
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A measure of general intelligence derived by comparing an individual's score with the scores of others in the same age group.
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intelligence quotient (IQ)
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A test designed to measure a person's level of knowledge, skill, or accomplishment in a particular area.
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achievement test
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A test designed to assess a person's capacity to benefit from education or training.
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aptitude test
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The administration of a test the a large, representative sample of people under uniform conditions for the purpose of establishing norms.
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standardization
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A bell-shaped distributioin of individual differences in a normal populationin which the most scores cluster around the average score.
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normal curve
or normal distribution |
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The ability of a test to produce consistent results when administered on repeated occasions under similar conditions.
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reliability
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The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure.
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validity
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The notion of a general intelligence factor that is responsible for a person's overall performace on tests of mental ability.
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_g_ factor
or general intelligence |
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Sternberg's theory that there are three distinct forms of intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical.
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triarchic theory of intelligence
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The percentage of variation within a given population that is due to heredity.
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heritability
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A psychological predicament in which fear that you will be evaluated in terms of a negative stereotype about a group to which you belong creates anxiety and self-doubt, lowering performance in a particular domain that is important to you.
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stereotype threat
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A group of cognitive processes used to generate useful, original, and novel ideas or solutions to problems.
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creativity
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