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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Working memory |
A kind of mental work bench on which the brain manipulates and assembles information to guide understanding decision making and problem solving |
A combination of components including short-term memory and attention |
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Memory |
The retention of information or experience over time as the result of three key processes encoding storage and retrieval |
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Encoding |
The first step in memory; the process by which information gets into memory storage |
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Divided attention |
Involves concentrating on more than one activity at the same time |
Multitasking |
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Sustained attention |
The ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time. |
Vigilance |
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Levels of processing |
A continuum of memory processing ranging from shallow processing to deep processing. Deep processing leads to better memory. |
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Shallow processing |
Includes noting the physical features of a stimulus, such as the shapes of the letters in the word mom. |
Physical and perceptual features are analyzed |
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Intermediate processing |
Involve giving the stimulus a label, as in reading the word mom. |
Stimulus is recognized and labeled |
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Deep processing |
Entails thinking about the meaning of a stimulus- for instance, thinking about the meaning of the word mom in about your own mother her face and her special qualities |
Semantic meaningful symbolic characteristics are used |
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Elaboration |
Refers to the formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding. |
Web of connections |
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Storage |
Encompasses how information is retained over time and how it is represented in memory |
2nd step in memory |
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Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory |
Theory stating the memory storage involves three separate systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. |
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Sensory memory |
Memory system that involves holding information from the world in its original sin Siry form for only an instant |
Time frames of a fraction of a second to several seconds |
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Short term memory (aka working memory) |
Limited capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for only as long as 30 seconds unless strategies are used to retain it longer |
Capacity of 7+/- 2 chunks of info. |
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Long term memory |
Time frames up to a lifetime. Unlimited capacity. |
Last stage in memory processing |
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Echoing memory |
Auditory sensory memory |
Large capacity but it is limited |
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Iconic memory |
Visual sensory memory. Unlimited capacity. |
responsible for ability to write in the air using a sparkler |
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Retrieval |
The memory process that occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage |
Last step in memory |
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Selective attention |
Involves focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring others |
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Cocktail party effect |
We can only fully attend to one thing at a time so items compete for our attention |
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Mental imagery |
Creating a mental story or seeing around stimuli that we would like to remember |
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Dual-code Hypothesis |
Memory stored in two ways: verbal code and picture code. Mental images are remembered better because it contains both picture and verbal codes. |
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3 parts of of working memory? |
Central executive, phonological loop, and visuospatial working memory. |
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Explicit Memory |
Conscious memories for people, places, events, facts, dates, feelings, and explanations. Memory for who what where when and why. |
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Semantic Memory |
Memory about the world. General common knowledge. |
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Episodic Memory |
Memory for events in your life. Autobiographical memory. |
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Implicit Memory |
Nonconscious memories for skills, procedures, subliminal information, and classically conditioned responses. Memory for "how". |
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Retrieval cues |
Means by which people retrieve information from long term memory. the more cues that are associated with the memory the easier it will be to retrieve. |
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Context specific memory |
People will recall information better if the context in which the information is learned is the same as when it is being recalled. |
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Flashbulb memories |
Vivid memories for highly significant traumatic or emotional experiences and events |
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Hermann Ebbinghaus |
The first person to conduct scientific research on forgetting |
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When does most forgetting occur? |
Most forgetting takes place soon after we learn something. |
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Interference theory |
The theory that people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember. |
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Retroactive Interference |
New information interferes with our abilities to remember old information. |
EX.) your new phone number interferes with your ability to remember your old one. |
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Proactive interference |
Old information interferes with our ability to remember new information. |
EX.) all of the time you took your daily pills in the past interfere with your ability to remember if you took it today. |
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False memories |
Inaccuracies and distortions of our reconstructed memories that occur over time |
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Infantile amnesia |
Inability to retrieve memories from before age 3. |
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Retrograde amnesia |
Do not remember info from before the injury. |
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Anterograde amnesia |
Do not remember information from after injury. |
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