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39 Cards in this Set

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Working memory

A kind of mental work bench on which the brain manipulates and assembles information to guide understanding decision making and problem solving

A combination of components including short-term memory and attention

Memory

The retention of information or experience over time as the result of three key processes encoding storage and retrieval

Encoding

The first step in memory; the process by which information gets into memory storage

Divided attention

Involves concentrating on more than one activity at the same time

Multitasking

Sustained attention

The ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time.

Vigilance

Levels of processing

A continuum of memory processing ranging from shallow processing to deep processing. Deep processing leads to better memory.

Shallow processing

Includes noting the physical features of a stimulus, such as the shapes of the letters in the word mom.

Physical and perceptual features are analyzed

Intermediate processing

Involve giving the stimulus a label, as in reading the word mom.

Stimulus is recognized and labeled

Deep processing

Entails thinking about the meaning of a stimulus- for instance, thinking about the meaning of the word mom in about your own mother her face and her special qualities

Semantic meaningful symbolic characteristics are used

Elaboration

Refers to the formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding.

Web of connections

Storage

Encompasses how information is retained over time and how it is represented in memory

2nd step in memory

Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory

Theory stating the memory storage involves three separate systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Sensory memory

Memory system that involves holding information from the world in its original sin Siry form for only an instant

Time frames of a fraction of a second to several seconds

Short term memory (aka working memory)

Limited capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for only as long as 30 seconds unless strategies are used to retain it longer

Capacity of 7+/- 2 chunks of info.

Long term memory

Time frames up to a lifetime. Unlimited capacity.

Last stage in memory processing

Echoing memory

Auditory sensory memory

Large capacity but it is limited

Iconic memory

Visual sensory memory. Unlimited capacity.

responsible for ability to write in the air using a sparkler

Retrieval

The memory process that occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage

Last step in memory

Selective attention

Involves focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring others

Cocktail party effect

We can only fully attend to one thing at a time so items compete for our attention

Mental imagery

Creating a mental story or seeing around stimuli that we would like to remember

Dual-code Hypothesis

Memory stored in two ways: verbal code and picture code. Mental images are remembered better because it contains both picture and verbal codes.

3 parts of of working memory?

Central executive, phonological loop, and visuospatial working memory.

Explicit Memory

Conscious memories for people, places, events, facts, dates, feelings, and explanations. Memory for who what where when and why.

Semantic Memory

Memory about the world. General common knowledge.

Episodic Memory

Memory for events in your life. Autobiographical memory.

Implicit Memory

Nonconscious memories for skills, procedures, subliminal information, and classically conditioned responses. Memory for "how".

Retrieval cues

Means by which people retrieve information from long term memory. the more cues that are associated with the memory the easier it will be to retrieve.

Context specific memory

People will recall information better if the context in which the information is learned is the same as when it is being recalled.

Flashbulb memories

Vivid memories for highly significant traumatic or emotional experiences and events

Hermann Ebbinghaus

The first person to conduct scientific research on forgetting

When does most forgetting occur?

Most forgetting takes place soon after we learn something.

Interference theory

The theory that people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember.

Retroactive Interference

New information interferes with our abilities to remember old information.

EX.) your new phone number interferes with your ability to remember your old one.

Proactive interference

Old information interferes with our ability to remember new information.

EX.) all of the time you took your daily pills in the past interfere with your ability to remember if you took it today.

False memories

Inaccuracies and distortions of our reconstructed memories that occur over time

Infantile amnesia

Inability to retrieve memories from before age 3.

Retrograde amnesia

Do not remember info from before the injury.

Anterograde amnesia

Do not remember information from after injury.