Psychology Ch.16

Front 1

social psychology

Back 1

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

Front 2

attribution theory

Back 2

the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.

Front 3

fundamental attribution error

Back 3

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

Front 4

attitude

Back 4

feelings, often influenced by our belief's, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

Front 5

central route to persuasion

Back 5

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.

Front 6

peripheral route to persuasion

Back 6

occurs whe people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.

Front 7

foot-in-the-door phenomenum

Back 7

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

Front 8

role

Back 8

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

Front 9

cognitive desonance theory

Back 9

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognition) are inconsistent, for example, when our awareness of out attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resultin dissonance by changing our attitudes.

Front 10

conformity

Back 10

adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Front 11

normal social influence

Back 11

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

Front 12

informal social influence

Back 12

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.

Front 13

social facilitation

Back 13

stronger responses on simple or well learned tasks in the presence of others.

Front 14

social loafing

Back 14

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

Front 15

deindividuation

Back 15

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

Front 16

group polarization

Back 16

the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.

Front 17

groupthink

Back 17

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

Front 18

prejudice

Back 18

an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

Front 19

sterotype

Back 19

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.

Front 20

discrimination

Back 20

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.

Front 21

ingroup

Back 21

"Us"-people with whom we share a common identity.

Front 22

outgroup

Back 22

"Them"-those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.

Front 23

ingroup bias

Back 23

the tendency to favor our own group.

Front 24

scapegoat theory

Back 24

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

Front 25

other-race effect

Back 25

the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias.

Front 26

just-world phenomenon

Back 26

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

Front 27

aggression

Back 27

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.

Front 28

frustration-aggression principle

Back 28

the principle that frustration-the blocking of an attemp to achieve some goal-creates anger, which can generate aggression.

Front 29

mere exposure effect

Back 29

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.

Front 30

passionate love

Back 30

an arousal state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.

Front 31

companionate love

Back 31

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

Front 32

equity

Back 32

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.

Front 33

self-disclosure

Back 33

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.

Front 34

altruism

Back 34

unselfish regard for the welfare of others.

Front 35

bystander effect

Back 35

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

Front 36

social exchange theory

Back 36

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

Front 37

reciprocity norm

Back 37

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.

Front 38

social-responsibility norm

Back 38

an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them.

Front 39

conflict

Back 39

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.

Front 40

social trap

Back 40

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally prusuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

Front 41

mirror-image perceptions

Back 41

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.

Front 42

superordinate goals

Back 42

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

Front 43

GRIT

Back 43

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction-a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.