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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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developmental psychology
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The branch of psychology that studies the patterns of growth and change that occur throughout life.
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nature–nurture issue
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The issue of the degree to which environment and heredity influence behavior.
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identical twins
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Twins who are genetically identical.
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cross-sectional research |
A research method that compares people of different ages at the same point in time.
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longitudinal research |
A research method that investigates behavior as participants get older.
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chromosomes
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Rod-shaped structures that contain all basic hereditary information.
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genes |
The parts of the chromosomes through which genetic information is transmitted. |
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zygote
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The new cell formed by the union of an egg and sperm
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embryo
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A developed zygote that has a heart, a brain, and other organs.
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fetus
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A developing individual from 8 weeks after conception until birth.
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age of viability
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The point at which a fetus can survive if born prematurely.
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teratogens
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Environmental agents such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that produce a birth defect.
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reflexes
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Unlearned, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli.
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habituation |
The decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus. |
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attachment |
The positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual. |
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authoritarian parents
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Parents who are rigid and punitive and value unquestioning obedience from their children. |
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permissive parents
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Parents who give their children relaxed or inconsistent direction and, although they are warm, require little of them.
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authoritative parents
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Parents who are firm, set clear limits, reason with their children, and explain things to them.
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uninvolved parents
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Parents who show little interest in their children and are emotionally detached.
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temperament
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A basic, inborn characteristic way of responding and behavioral style.
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psychoanalyst Erik Erikson
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developed one of the more comprehensive theories of social development. Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development.
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psychosocial development
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Development of individuals’ interactions and understanding of each other and of their knowledge and understanding of themselves as members of society.
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trust-versus-mistrust stage
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According to Erikson, the first stage of psychosocial development, occurring from birth to age 1½ years, during which time infants develop feelings of trust or lack of trust.
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autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage
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The period during which, according to Erikson, toddlers (ages 1½ to 3 years) develop independence and autonomy if exploration and freedom are encouraged or shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected.
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initiative-versus-guilt stage
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According to Erikson, the period during which children ages 3 to 6 years experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action.
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industry-versus-inferiority stage
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According to Erikson, the last stage of childhood, during which children ages 6 to 12 years may develop positive social interactions with others or may feel inadequate and become less sociable.
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cognitive development
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The process by which a child’s understanding of the world changes due to their age and experience.
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Jean Piaget
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suggested that children around the world proceed through a series of four stages in a fixed order
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sensorimotor stage
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According to Piaget, the stage from birth to 2 years, during which a child has little competence in representing the environment by using images, language, or other symbols.
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object permanence
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The awareness that objects—and people—continue to exist even if they are out of sight.
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preoperational stage
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According to Piaget, the period from 2 to 7 years of age that is characterized by language development.
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egocentric thought
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A way of thinking in which a child views the world entirely from his or her own perspective.
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principle of conservation
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The knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects.
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Concrete Operational Stage
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According to Piaget, the period from 7 to 12 years of age that is characterized by logical thought and a loss of egocentrism.
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formal operational stage
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According to Piaget, the period from age 12 to adulthood that is characterized by abstract thought.
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information processing
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The way in which people take in, use, and store information.
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metacognition
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an awareness and understanding of one’s own cognitive processes
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Vygotsky’s View of Cognitive Development
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Russian developmental psychologist Lev Vygotsky, the culture in which we are raised significantly affects our cognitive development
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zone of proximal development (ZPD)
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according to Vygotsky, the gap between what children already are able to accomplish on their own and what they are not quite ready to do by themselves.
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adolescence
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The developmental stage between childhood and adulthood.
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puberty
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The period at which maturation of the sexual organs occurs, beginning at about age 11 or 12 for girls and 13 or 14 for boys
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KOHLBERG’S THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
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Lawrence Kohlberg, people pass through a series of stages in the evolution of their sense of justice and in the kind of reasoning they use to make moral judgments
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ERIKSON’S THEORY OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
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emphasizes the search for identity during the adolescent years the way people’s understanding of themselves, one another, and the world around them changes during the course of development
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identity-versus-role-confusion stage
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According to Erikson, a time in adolescence of major testing to determine one’s unique qualities.
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identity
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The distinguishing character of the individual: who each of us is, what our roles are, and what we are capable of
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intimacy-versus-isolation stage
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According to Erikson, a period during early adulthood that focuses on developing close relationships.
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generativity-versus-stagnation stage
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According to Erikson, a period in middle adulthood during which we take stock of our contributions to family and society
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ego-integrity-versus-despair stage
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According to Erikson, a period from late adulthood until death during which we review life’s accomplishments and failures
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emerging adulthood
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The period beginning in the late teenage years and extending into the mid-20s.
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menopause
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The period during which women stop menstruating and are no longer fertile.
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genetic preprogramming theories of aging
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Theories that suggest that human cells have a built-in time limit to their reproduction and that they are no longer able to divide after a certain time.
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wear-and-tear theories of aging
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Theories that suggest that the mechanical functions of the body simply stop working efficiently.
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Alzheimer’s disease
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A progressive brain disorder that leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in cognitive abilities.
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disengagement theory of aging
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The theory that suggests that successful aging is characterized by a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels.
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activity theory of aging
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The theory that suggests that successful aging is characterized by maintaining the interests and activities of earlier stages of life.
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life review
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The process by which people examine and evaluate their lives.
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