Psychology Ch. 6

Front 1

Memory

Back 1

This can be defined as an active system that receives information from the senses, organizes and alters it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage.

Front 2

Sensory Memory

Back 2

Registers information from the environment and holds it for a very brief period of time. Duration: ¼ - 3 seconds

Front 3

Short-term Memory

Back 3

(Working Memory) – Active stage; stores information for up to about 20 – 30 seconds.
*STM – can be lost through failure to rehearse, decay, interference by similar information, and the intrusion of new information into STM, which pushes old information out.

Front 4

Maintenance Rehearsal

Back 4

repeating the information

Front 5

Elaborative Rehearsal

Back 5

making the information meaningful

Front 6

Chunking

Back 6

grouping or organizing information

Front 7

Long-term Memory

Back 7

Represents long-term storage of information; unlimited capacity. Information that is more deeply processed, or processed according to meaning, will be retained and retrieved more efficiently

Front 8

Encoding

Back 8

putting information into memory system

Front 9

Storage

Back 9

keeping information in memory system

Front 10

Retrieval

Back 10

pulling up information from memory

Front 11

Retrieval cues

Back 11

are words, meanings, sounds, and other stimuli that are encoded at the same time as the new memory.

Front 12

Recall

Back 12

type of memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be “pulled” out of memory with few or no clues

Front 13

Recognition

Back 13

Involves matching information with images or facts

Front 14

Episodic and Semantic

Back 14

The two subsystems of Explicit Memory

Front 15

Procedural

Back 15

Subsystem of Implicit Memory

Front 16

Encoding specificity principle

Back 16

The principle that when the conditions of information retrieval are similar to the conditions of information encoding, retrieval is more likely to be successful.

Front 17

Mood congruence

Back 17

An encoding specificity phenomenon in which a given mood tends to evoke memories that are consistent with that mood.

Front 18

Flashbulb memory

Back 18

The recall of very specific images or details surrounding a vivid, rare, or significant personal event; details may or may no be accurate.

Front 19

Encoding failure

Back 19

a failure to encode information will not produce a memory.

Front 20

Proactive interference and Retroactive interference

Back 20

Interference theories

Front 21

Proactive interference

Back 21

prior learning interferes with new learning

Front 22

Retroactive interference

Back 22

new learning interferes with retrieval of previous learning.

Front 23

Motivated forgetting

Back 23

The idea that we forgot because we are motivated to forget, usually because a memory is unpleasant or disturbing.

Front 24

Memory and the Brain

*Memories that are highly emotional tend to stay in LTM and are easily retrieved.

*Physical change that takes place in the brain when a memory is formed is called an engram.

*Evidence suggests that procedural memories are stored in the cerebellum, while STM are stored in the prefrontal cortex and temporal lobes of the cortex.

*Semantic and episodic memories may be stored in the frontal and temporal lobes as well, but in different locations with STM, while memory for fear of objects is most likely stored in the amygdala.

*Consolidation consists of physical changes in neurons that take place during the formation of a memory.

*The hippocampus appears to be responsible for the storage of new LTM. If it is removed, the ability to store anything new is completely lost.

Back 24

Memorize