Psychology Ch 6

Front 1

Learning

Back 1

relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes resulting from practice or experience

Front 2

Conditioning

Back 2

process of learning associations between environmental stimuli & behavioral responses

Front 3

Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)

Back 3

learning that occurs when a previously neutral stimulus (NS) is paired (associated) with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to elicit a conditioned response (CR

Front 4

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Back 4

conditioning doesnt elicit response of interest (a bell)

Front 5

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Back 5

elicit UCR without prior stimulation (food)

Front 6

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Back 6

unlearned reaction to UCS occurring without prior conditioning
(saliva)

Front 7

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Back 7

previously Neutral Stimulus that, through repeated pairings with Unconditioned Stimulus, now causes a Conditioned Response

Front 8

Conditioned Response (CR)

Back 8

learned reaction to a Conditioned Stimulus occurring because of prior repeated pairings with an Unconditioned Stimulus

Front 9

Conditioned Emotional Response (CER)

Back 9

emotional responses are classically conditioned to a previously neutral stimulus

Front 10

Stimulus Generalization

Back 10

learned response to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimuli (CS)

Front 11

Extinction

Back 11

gradual weakening or suppression of a previously conditioned response (CR)

Front 12

Spontaneous Recovery

Back 12

reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response (CR)

Front 13

Higher-Order Conditioning

Back 13

neutral stimulus (NS) becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) through repeated pairings with a previously conditioned stimulus (CS)

Front 14

Operant Conditioning

Back 14

learning in which voluntary responses are controlled by their consequences

Front 15

Law of Effect

Back 15

probability of an action being repeated is strengthened when followed by a pleasant or satisfying consequence

Front 16

B. F. Skinner

Back 16

emphasized observable stimuli & responses

Front 17

Reinforcement

Back 17

strengthening a response

Front 18

Primary Reinforcers

Back 18

normally satisfy an unlearned biological need (e.g., food)

Front 19

Secondary Reinforcers

Back 19

learned value (e.g., money, praise

Front 20

Positive Reinforcement

Back 20

adding (or presenting) a stimulus, which strengthens a response & makes it more likely to recur (e.g., praise)

Front 21

Negative Reinforcement

Back 21

taking away (or removing) a stimulus, which strengthens a response & makes it less likely to recur (e.g., headache removed after taking an aspirin)

Front 22

Fixed Ratio (FR)

Back 22

reinforcement occurs after a predetermined set of responses; the ratio (number or amount) is fixed (e.g., vending machines)

Front 23

Variable Ratio (VR)

Back 23

reinforcement occurs unpredictably; the ratio (number or amount) varies (e.g., slot machines)

Front 24

Fixed Interval (FI)

Back 24

reinforcement occurs after a predetermined time has elapsed; the interval (time) is fixed (e.g., paycheck)

Front 25

Variable Interval (VI)

Back 25

reinforcement occurs unpredictably; the interval (time) varies (e.g., pop quizzes)

Front 26

Shaping

Back 26

reinforcement is delivered after successive approximations of the desired response

Front 27

Punishment

Back 27

weakening a response

Front 28

Positive Punishment

Back 28

adding (or presenting) a stimulus that weakens a response & makes it less likely to recur (e.g., shouting)

Front 29

Negative Punishment

Back 29

taking away (or removing) a stimulus that weakens a response & makes it less likely to recur (e.g., restriction, jail)

Front 30

Cognitive-Social Learning

Back 30

emphasizes the roles of thinking & social learning in behavior

Front 31

Insight

Back 31

sudden understanding of a problem that implies the solution

Front 32

Cognitive Map

Back 32

mental image of a three-dimensional space

Front 33

Latent Learning

Back 33

hidden learning that exists without behavioral signs

Front 34

Observational Learning

Back 34

learning new behaviors or information by watching & imitating others

Front 35

Observational Learning's four processes

Back 35

Attention
Retention
Motor Reproduction
Reinforcement

Front 36

General findings

Back 36

Learning leads to new synaptic connections & alterations in many brain structures

Front 37

Enriched vs deprived environments

Back 37

lead to biological changes in both behavior and mental processes

Front 38

Biological Preparedness

Back 38

built-in (innate) readiness to form associations between certain stimuli & responses

Front 39

Taste Aversion

Back 39

classically conditioned negative associations of food with illness

Front 40

Instinctive Drift

Back 40

conditioned responses shift (or drift) back toward innate response patterns