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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The average adult need about six hours of sleep a night. |
False-most of us need 7-10 hours of sleep |
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People move slowly through the first four stages of sleep but then spend the rest of the night in REM sleep. |
False-stage 1 sleep |
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When we dream, our brains are much less active than then awake. |
False-When we are sleeping, are brains are more active than when we are awake |
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Sleep apnea is more common in thin than in overweight people. |
False-overweight people have it more because of the enlarged tonsils |
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Night terrors usually last only a few minutes and are typically harmless. |
True |
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Dreams often reflect unfulfilled wishes, as Freud suggested. |
False-if this were true, we'd expect most of our dream content to be positive, but yet most of them are negative. |
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Activation-synthesis theory proposes that dreams result from incomplete neural signals generated by the pons. |
True |
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REM sleep is triggered by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. |
True |
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Damage to the forebrain can eliminate dreams. |
True |
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Recurrent dreams are extremely rare. |
False-50%-80% of people report recurrent dreams |
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College students rarely, if ever, report that they hallucinate. |
False-as many as 39% of college students have hallucinated at least once. |
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OBE's are related to the ability to fantasize. |
True |
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Many of the experiences associated with a NDE can be created in circumstances that have nothing to do with being "near death." |
True |
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Déjá vu experiences often last for as long as an hour. |
False-they last around 10-30 seconds |
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A hypnosis induction greatly increases suggestibility beyond waking suggestibility. |
False-it typically includes relaxation, calmness, and well-being, along with instructions to imagine or think about pleasant experiences. |
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The effects of many drugs depend on the expectation of the user. |
True |
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Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant. |
True |
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Tobacco is the most potent natural stimulant drug. |
False-cocaine is the most powerful natural stimulant |
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A causal link between marijuana and poor school performance has been well established. |
False |
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Drug flashbacks are common among people who use LSD. |
False |
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As a college student you may like to sleep late in the morning because your _____ ______ is set that way.
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Biological clock
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The result of a disruption of our body's circadian rhythms that occurs when you fly across the country is called what?
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jet lag
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Label the brain components that the activation-sythesis theory suggest are involved in dreaming.
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A. cerebral cortex
B. Thalamus C. Pons D. Spinal cord |
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Label the types of brain waves displayed at each sleep stage.
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1 Beta waves
2 Alpha waves 3 Theta waves 4 Sleep spindles and K complexes 5 Delta REM sleep |
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Rem and non-REM dreams differ in that _______ dreams tend to be emotional and ilogical and ______ _____ dreams are shorter, more repetitive, and deal with everyday topoics of current concern.
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REM, Non-REM
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When humans are deprived of REM for a few nights, we experience ____ _________, during which the amount and intensity of REM sleep increases.
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REM rebound
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Researchers have discovered that brief psychotherapy (more/less) effective than Ambien, a popular sleeping pill in the treatment of insomnia
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more
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People who have what disorder fall asleep suddenly and at inopportune times, like while driving a car.
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narcolepsy
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What factors can contribute to cataplexy in people or animals with narcolepsy?
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surpise, elation, or other strong emotions
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During a(n) _______ ________, a child can experience a dramatic episode of crying or thrashing during non-REM sleep, and won't remember it in the morning.
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night terror
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Sleeping is most frequent in (childhood/adulthood)
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childhood
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In the era before rigorous laboratory research, The Interpretation of Dreams, by ________ __________ played an influential role in how people thought about dreams.
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Sigmund Frued
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Freud distinguished between the details of the dream itself, which he called the _________ _________, and the true, hidden meaning, which he called the _________ _______.
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manifest content, latent content
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Nightmares, which are common in both children and adults, challenge which theory about dreams?
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wish fulfillment
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Evidence suggests that dreams (are/are not) involved in processing emotional memories and integrating new experiences with established memories to make sense of the world.
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are
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Hobson and McCarley's activation synthesis theory links dreams to __________ _________.
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brain activation
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REM sleep is activated by surges of the neurotransmitter _____________, which activates nerve cells in the pons.
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acetylcholine
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People who have an injury to the _________, as researched by Solms, do not dream.
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forebrain
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Scientist who take a(n) __________ view of dreaming contend that we must consider our cognitive capacities, which shape the content of our dreams.
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neurocognitive
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Children's dreams tend to be (less/more) emotional and bizarre than adult dreams.
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less
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_________ are realistic perceptual experiences in the absence of any external stimuli.
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hallucinations
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Why do people who float in lukewarm saltwater in dark and silent sensory deprivation tanks hallucinate?
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To compensate for the lack of sensory stimulation
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Although there are many variations depending on one's religion and culture, many people in our culture associate a(n) _______ experience with approaching a white light.
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near death
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One of the most common alterations in consciousness, ______ ____ is the sensation that you're reliving something even though you know the situation is new, or that you've been somewhere, even though you've never been there before.
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dęjà vu
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To increase people's suggestibility, most hypnotists use an _________ _________, which typically includes suggestions for relaxation and calmness.
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induction method
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Hypnosis in clinical practice (has/has not) demonstrated positive effects in treating pain and habit disorders, such as smoking.
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has
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One of the most popular myths about hypnosis is that it can make people remember a past life using a therapy called ________ _________ __________
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past life regression therapy
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For _________ theorists, people's expectations about hypnosis, including the cues they receive from hypnotists, shape their responses.
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sociocognitive
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Hilgard's ____________ theory explains hypnosis based on a separation of the part of the personality responsible for planning from the part of the personality that controls awareness.
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dissociation
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People qualify for a diagnosis of _________ ____________ ____________ when they experience recurrent problems related to the drug.
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substance use disorder
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People can develop ________ _________ when their continued use of a drug is motivated by intense cravings.
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psychological dependence
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Cultures in which drinking is strictly prohibited exhibit (low/high) rates of alcoholism.
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low
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According to the ______ _________ __________ people consume alcohol and otgher drugs to relieve anxiety.
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World Health Organization
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Some people abuse __________ to postpone fatigue or elavate their mood while performing an unpleasant task.
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amphetamines
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In recent years, as many as one in 20 high school students report using methampetamine, which in its crystalline form is known as _____ ______.
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crystal meth
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Opiate drugs-heroin, morphine, and codeine- are often called _____ because they relieve pain and induce sleep.
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narcotics
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Hoffman created the mind-altering hallucinogenic drug ____ by accident while creating a compound from chemicals in a fungus.
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LSD
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