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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Conciousness |
a continually changing stream of mental activity.
-constantly fluctuating. -brain waves vary in amplitude & frequency. -4 brain waves bands: beta, alpha, theta, & delta.
EEG Waves 1.) Beta = when people are alert 2.) Alpha = when people are relaxed 3.) Theta = when people are in a light sleep 4.) Delta = when people are in a deep sleep
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The EEG Machine |
Electroencephalography is the recording of electrical activity along the scalp. EEG measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current flows within the neurons of the brain. |
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Circadian Rhythms |
This primes people to fall asleep most easily around certain times.
-light resets the biological clocks by affecting the activity of suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the pineal gland-which then secretes the hormone melatonin.
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Suprachiasmatic (SCN) |
The "master pacemaker" located in the Hypothalamus, responsible for controlling Circadian Rhythms. |
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Melatonin |
Hormone made in the pineal gland to help the sleep/wake schedule. |
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East v. West |
Typically easier to fly west vs. east and lengthen your day then to fly east and shorten it.tS |
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Stages of Sleep |
-tends to repeat itself about 4 times a night.
1.) Ordinary Wakefulness = fast, low-amplitude beta waves. 2.) Relaxed Wakefulness = rhythmic alpha waves. 3.) Stage #1 Sleep = small, irregular brain waves. 4.) Stage #2 Sleep = spindle-shaped waves called "sleep spindles". 5.) Stage #3&4 Sleep = large, slow delta waves. 6.) REM similar waves to ordinary wakefulness. |
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REM Sleep |
During REM sleep people experience rapid eye movements, brain waves that are characteristic of waking thought, and vivid dreaming. REM sleep declines during childhood to about 20%. During adulthood slow wave sleep declines. The elderly may need less sleep than younger adults. Culture effects napping patterns, however ethnicity is related to sleep complaints. |
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Sleep Deprivation |
-impairs: attention, motor coordination, & decision making. -research suggests people need REM & slow-wave sleep. REM sleep may contribute to memory consolidation. -short sleep duration is associated with: obesity, impaired immune function & increased inflammation. -people who sleep 7-8 hr. have lower mortality rates then long or short sleepers. |
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4 Sleep Disorders |
Insomnia = chronic problems getting to sleep Narcolepsy = sudden, irresistible onsets of sleep Sleep Apnea = stoppage of breathe during sleep Somnambulism = sleepwalking |
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3 Theories of Dreaming |
1.) Dreams of wish fulfillment = shapes dreams to satisfy unconscious needs. 2.) Problem-Solving view = we mull over major problems in our lives with reduced logical constraints. 3.) Activation-Synthesis model = cortex constructs a story to make sense of internal signals from lower brain centers. |
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Hypnosis |
Theories 1.) Role-playing = just playing the role of being hypnotized. 2.) Altered-state = consciousness is split into two dissociated streams of awareness.
Forensic use - to recover forgotten or repressed memories. |
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Psychoactive Drugs |
Classes: Narcotics = opium derivatives capable of relieving pain. Sedatives = decrease Central Nervous System (CNS) activity. Stimulants = Increase CNS activity. Hallucinogens = produce emotional changes & distortions in sensory experience. Cannabis = relaxed euphoria & enhanced sensory awareness. Alcohol = produces mild euphoria & reduced inhibitions.
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The "Reward" Pathway |
responsible for driving our feelings of motivation, reward & behavior. |
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Names to know |
Pavlov - Classical conditioning form of learning
Watson - "Little Albert Study also termed "stream of consciousness"
Skinner - Operant conditioning form of learning
Bandura - Media Violence Research |
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Classical Conditioning |
(Pavlov)
a neutral stimulus can acquire the capacity to elicit a response originally elicited by another stimulus.
ex. training dogs salivate when they hear a tone, a tone they previously never corresponded with salivating.
extinction is a gradual weakening process & disappearance of a conditioned response when the CS is no longer paired with the US.
Terms: Unconditioned Stimulus (US) Unconditioned Response (UR) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Conditioned Response (CR) |
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Operant Conditioning |
(Skinner)
reinforcement occurs when an event following a response increases an organism's tendency to emit that response again.
ex. rat touching bar for food.
Extinction = occurs when reinforcement for a response is terminated and the rate of that response declines.
Discrimination = stimuli that are cues for the likelihood of obtaining reinforcers. |
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Spontaneous Recovery |
the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of no exposure to the conditioned stimulus (CS). |
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Generalization |
When an organism has learned a response to a stimulus response in the same way to a new stimulus that are similar to the original.
"The Little Albert Study" = Watson & Rayner conducted a study of generalization w/ a subject know as Little Albert, whose fear response to a rat generalized to ALOT of little white fuzzy objects. |
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Discrimination |
Opposite of generalization, involves not responding to stimuli that resemble the original Conditioned Stimulus (CS). |
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Reinforcement |
(+) reinforcement = a response is strengthened because it is followed by rewarding stimuli.
(-) reinforcement = a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of a rewarding stimuli. |
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Punishment |
aversive (to avoid) consequences that lead to a decline in response strength. |
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Shaping |
involved gradually reinforcing closer & closer approximations of the desired response. |
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Extinction Burst |
Eliminating a behavior by refusing to reinforce it. |
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Discriminative Stimuli |
Psychologists say an operant behavior is under stimulus control if it is triggered (or suppressed) by certain stimuli. Because an organism must discriminate between these stimuli or "tell them apart" in order to respond to them in different ways, called discriminative stimuli. |
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Reinforcers |
Primary - unlearned Secondary - acquire reinforcing quality through conditioning |
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Escape v Avoidence |
escape a prominent danger
avoid a possible danger by some sort of stimuli letting you know to GTFO |
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Schedules of Reinforcement |
FR = fixed ratio VR = variable ratio FI = fixed interval VI = variable interval
ratio schedules produce more rapid responding than interval schedules.
variable schedules produce greater resistance to extinction than fixed schedules. |
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Biological influences on conditioning |
conditioned tasted aversion = occurs when a lengthy delay occurs between CS & US.
preparedness & phobias = is the idea that people and animals are inherently inclined to form associations between certain stimuli and responses
instinctive drift = is the tendency for conditioning to be hindered by natural instincts. |
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Cognitive Influences |
Signal Relations: predictive value of CS. Response-outcome relations: casual connections.
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Obserservational Learning |
an organism is conditioned by watching a model's conditioning. both classical & operant conditioning can occur through observational learning.
depends on: -attention -retention -reproduction -motivation |
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Media Violence Research |
(Bandura)
exposure to aggressive media leads to aggression in children. |
