Psychology Ch 18-23

Front 1

Learning

Back 1

The process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

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Associative learning

Back 2

Learning that certain events occur together the events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequences

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Stimulus

Back 3

Any event or situation that evokes a response

Front 4

Cognitive learning

Back 4

The acquisition of mental information whether by observing events by watching others or through language

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Classical conditioning

Back 5

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

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Behaviorism

Back 6

View that psychology should be an objective science that studies Behavior without reference to mental processes

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Respondent Behavior

Back 7

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

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Neutral stimulus

Back 8

In classical conditioning a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

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Unconditional response

Back 9

In classical conditioning an unlearned naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus

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Unconditioned stimulus

Back 10

In classical conditioning a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally and automatically triggers a response

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Discrimination

Back 11

In classical conditioning, Thorn ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli they do not signal and unconditioned stimulus.

Front 12

Conditioned stimulus

Back 12

In classical conditioning and originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response

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Acquisition

Back 13

In classical conditioning the initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that neutral stimulus Begins triggering the conditioned response.

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Extinction

Back 14

The diminishing of conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus.

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Spontaneous recovery

Back 15

The reappearance after a pause of an extinguished conditioned response.

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Generalization

Back 16

The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.

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Discrimination

Back 17

In classical conditioning, the Learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

Front 18

Associative learning

Back 18

Learning that certain events occur together

Front 19

Operant conditioning

Back 19

Do the type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcer or diminished if followed by a Punisher

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Law of effect

Back 20

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that the behaviors followed by an unfavorable consequences become less likely.

Front 21

Operant chamber also known as Skinner box

Back 21

In operant conditioning research a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer.

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Shaping

Back 22

In operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide Behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired Behavior. NFL superstar

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Primary reinforcer

Back 23

An innately reinforcing stimulus such as one that satisfies a biological need.

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Conditioned reinforcer

Back 24

A stimulus that gains it's reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer.

Front 25

Continuous reinforcement

Back 25

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.

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Reinforcement schedule

Back 26

A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced.

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Partial reinforcement

Back 27

Reinforcing a response only part of the time.

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Fixed ratio schedule

Back 28

In operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.

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Variable ratio schedule

Back 29

Nothing conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.

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Fixed interval schedule

Back 30

In operant conditioning reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

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Variable interval schedule

Back 31

In operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.

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Punishment

Back 32

An event that tends to decrease the behavior it follows.

Front 33

Cognitive learning

Back 33

The acquisition of mental information whether by observing events by watching others or through language.

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Cognitive map

Back 34

The mental representation of the layout of wind environment.

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Latent learning

Back 35

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.

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Mirror neurons

Back 36

Frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so.

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Prosocial Behavior

Back 37

Positive, constructive, healthful Behaviour.

Front 38

Memory

Back 38

Persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

Front 39

Recall

Back 39

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier

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Recognition

Back 40

Metro memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned.

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Relearning

Back 41

Measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.

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Encoding

Back 42

Processing information into the memory system.

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Storage

Back 43

The retention of encoded information over time

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Retrieval

Back 44

The process of getting information out of memory storage.

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Sensory memory

Back 45

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

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Short-term memory

Back 46

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly

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Long term memory

Back 47

The relatively permanent in Limitless Storehouse of the memory system.

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Working memory

Back 48

New understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial information and of information retrieved from long-term memory

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Explicit memory

Back 49

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare.

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Effortful processing

Back 50

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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Automatic processing

Back 51

Unconscious encoding of incidental information such a space time and frequency and well-learned information such as word meanings.

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Implicit memory

Back 52

Retention independent of conscious recollection.

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Iconic memory

Back 53

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli.

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Echoic memory

Back 54

Momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli.

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Chunking

Back 55

Organizing items into familiar manageable units.

Front 56

Mnemonics

Back 56

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Front 57

Spacing effect

Back 57

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention then it's achieved Through Math study or practice.

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Testing effect

Back 58

Enhanced memory after retrieving rather than simply reading information.

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Shallow processing

Back 59

Encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of the words.

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Deep processing

Back 60

Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words.

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Hippocampus

Back 61

A neural center located in Olympic system helps process explicit memories for storage.

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Flashbulb memory

Back 62

Clear memory of an emotionally significant moments or events

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Long-term potentiation

Back 63

An increase in a cells firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation.

Front 64

Priming

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The activation, often unconsciously of particular associations in memory.

Front 65

Mood congruent memory

Back 65

Tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.

Front 66

Serial position effect

Back 66

Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.

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Anterograde amnesia

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And inability to form new memories

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Retrograde amnesia

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An inability to retrieve information from one's past

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Repression

Back 69

Psychoanalytic theory the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts feelings and memories

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Misinformation effect

Back 70

Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

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Source amnesia

Back 71

Attributing to the wrong Source in event we have experienced, heard about, right about, or imagined.

Front 72

Deja vu

Back 72

Eerie sense that I've experienced this before