Psychology Ch 11 & 12

Front 1

An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

Back 1

Personality

Front 2

View of personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

Back 2

Psychodynamic theories

Front 3

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.

Back 3

Psychoanalysis

Front 4

According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

Back 4

Unconscious

Front 5

In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how important or embarrassing.

Back 5

Free association

Front 6

A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. It operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

Back 6

id

Front 7

The largely conscious, "executive" part of personality, that, according to Freud, balances the demands of the id, superego, and reality. It operates in the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

Back 7

Ego

Front 8

The part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscious) and for future goals.

Back 8

Superego

Front 9

The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.

Back 9

Psychosexual stages

Front 10

A boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.

Back 10

Oedipus complex

Front 11

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

Back 11

Social psychology

Front 12

The tendency, when analyzing others' behavior, to overestimate the influence of personal traits and underestimate the effects of the situation

Back 12

Fundamental attribution error

Front 13

Feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

Back 13

Attitude

Front 14

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Back 14

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Front 15

A set of expectations about a social position, defining hoe those in the position ought to behave.

Back 15

Role

Front 16

The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts clash.

Back 16

Cognitive dissonance theory

Front 17

Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Back 17

Conformity

Front 18

An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior in a given group.

Back 18

Norm

Front 19

Improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.

Back 19

Social facilitation

Front 20

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

Back 20

Social loafing

Front 21

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Back 21

Deindividuation

Front 22

Strengthening of a group's pre-existing attitudes through discussions within the group

Back 22

Group polarization

Front 23

The process by which children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos

Back 23

Identification

Front 24

A lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.

Back 24

Fixation

Front 25

In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Back 25

Defense mechanisms

Front 26

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness the thoughts, feelings, and memories that arouse anxiety.

Back 26

Repression

Front 27

A personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides an unclear image designed to trigger projection of the test-taker's unconscious thoughts or feelings.

Back 27

Projective test

Front 28

The most widely used projective test; a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

Back 28

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Front 29

Maslow's pyramid of human needs; at the base are physiological needs that must be satisfied before higher-level safety needs, and then psychological needs, become active

Back 29

Hierarchy of needs

Front 30

The psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill our potential.

Back 30

Self-actualization

Front 31

The starving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self.

Back 31

Self-transcendence

Front 32

According to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person.

Back 32

Unconditioned positive regard

Front 33

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

Back 33

Groupthink

Front 34

An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members

Back 34

Prejudice

Front 35

A generalized (sometimes accurate but often over generalized) belief about a group of people

Back 35

Stereotype

Front 36

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

Back 36

Discrimination

Front 37

The tendency to believe that the world is just and people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

Back 37

Just-world phenomenon

Front 38

"Us"—people with whom we share a common identity.

Back 38

Ingroup

Front 39

"Them"—those perceived as different or apart from our group

Back 39

Outgroup

Front 40

The tendency to favor our own group

Back 40

Ingroup bias

Front 41

The theory that prejudice offers and outlet for danger by providing someone to blame

Back 41

Scapegoat theory

Front 42

The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races

Back 42

Other-race effect

Front 43

Any act intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

Back 43

Aggression

Front 44

The principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression.

Back 44

Frustration-aggression principle

Front 45

Culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

Back 45

Social script

Front 46

The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

Back 46

Mere exposure effect

Front 47

When we think about our own behavior, especially when we act badly, we blame our behavior on external, unstable, and uncontrollable attributions

Back 47

Self-serving bias

Front 48

All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

Back 48

Self-concept

Front 49

A characteristic pattern of behavior or a tendency to feel and act in a certain way, as assessed by self-reports on a personality test.

Back 49

Trait

Front 50

A cluster of behavior tendencies that occur together

Back 50

Factor

Front 51

The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Was first developed to identify emotional disorders but has lots of purposes

Back 51

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Front 52

A questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors

Back 52

Personality inventory

Front 53

The interacting influences of behaviors, internal personal factors, and environment.

Back 53

Reciprocal determinism

Front 54

Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons (and their thinking) and their social context.

Back 54

Social-cognitive perspective

Front 55

Our sense of competence and effectiveness

Back 55

Self-efficacy

Front 56

Your image and understanding of who you are

Back 56

Self

Front 57

Overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders.

Back 57

Spotlight effect

Front 58

Our feelings of high or low self-worth.

Back 58

Self-esteem

Front 59

Giving priority to our own goals over group goals and defining our identity in terms of personal traits rather than group membership

Back 59

Individualism

Front 60

Giving priority to the goal of our group and defining our identity accordingly

Back 60

Collectivism

Front 61

Retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated.

Back 61

Regression

Front 62

Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites.

Back 62

Reaction formation

Front 63

Disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

Back 63

Projection

Front 64

Offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions

Back 64

Rationalization

Front 65

Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person

Back 65

Displacement

Front 66

Refusing to believe or perceive painful realities

Back 66

Denial