Psychology Ch. 10

Front 1

an individual's unique pattern of thought, feelings, and behaviors that persists over time and across situations

Back 1

personality

Front 2

personality theories that contend that behavior results from psychological forces that interact within the individual, often outside conscious awareness

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psychodynamic theory

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in Freud's theory, all the ideas, thoughts, and feelings of which we are not and normally cannot become aware

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unconscious

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the theory of personality Freud developed, as well as the form of therapy he invented

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psycholanalysis

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in Freud's theory of personality, the collection of unconscious urges and desires that continually seek expression

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id

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according to Freud, the way in which the id seeks immediate gratification of an instinct

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pleasure principle

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Freud's term for the part of the personality that mediates between environmental demands (reality), conscience (superego), and instinctual needs (id); now often used as a synonym for "self."

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ego

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according to Freud, the way in which the ego seeks to satisfy instinctual demands safely and effectively in the real world

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reality principle

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according the Freud, the social and parental standards the individual has internalized; the conscience and the ego ideal

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superego

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the part of the superego that consists of standards of what one would like to be

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ego ideal

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according to Freud, the energy generated by the sexual instinct

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libido

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according to Freud, a partial or complete halt at some point in the individual's psychosexual development

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fixation

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first stage in Freud's theory of personality development, in which infant's erotic feelings center on the mouth, lips, and tongue

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oral stage

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second stage in Freud's theory of personalty development, in which a child's erotic feelings center around on the anus and on elimination

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anal stage

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third stage in Freud's thoery of personality development, in which erotic feelings center on the genitals

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phallic stage

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according to Freud, a child's sexual attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and jealousy toward the parent of the same sex; generally occurs at the phallic stage

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Oedipus complex and Electra complex

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in Freud's theory of personality, a period in which the child appears to have no interest in the other sex; occurs after the phallic stage

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latency period

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in Freud's theory of personality development, the final stage of normal adult sexual development, which is usually marked by mature sexuality

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genital stage

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in Jung's theory of personality, one of the two levels of the unconscious; it contains the individual's repressed thoughts, forgotten experiences, and undeveloped ideas

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personal unconscious

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in Jung's theory of personality, thought forms common to all human beings

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collective unconscious

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in Jung's theory of personality, thought forms common to all human beings, stored in the collective unconscious

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archetypes

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according to Jung, our public self, the mask we wear to represent ourselves to others

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persona

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according to Jung, people who usually focus on social life and the external world instead of on their internal experience

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extraverts

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according to Jung, people who usually focus on their own thoughts and feelings

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introverts

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according to Adler, the person's effort to overcome imagined or real personal weaknesses

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compensation

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in Adler's theory, the fixation on feelings of personal inferiority that results in emotional and social paralysis

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inferiority complex

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Horney's term for irrational strategies for coping with emotional problems and minimizing anxiety

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neurotic trends

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any personality theory that asserts the fundamental goodness of people and their striving toward higher levels of functioning

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humanistic personality theory

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according to Rogers, the drive of every organism to fulfill its biological potential and become what it is inherently capable of becoming

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actualizing tendency

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according to Rogers, the drive of human beings to fulfill their self-concepts, or the images they have of themselves

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self-actualizing tendency

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according to Rogers, an individual whose self-concept closely resembles his or her inborn capacities or potentials

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fully functioning person

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in Roger's theory, the full acceptance and love of another person regardless of his or her behavior

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unconditional positive regard

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in Roger's theory, acceptance and love that are dependent on another's behavior in certain ways and on fulfilling certain conditions

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conditional positive regard

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dimensions or characteristics on which people differ in distinctive ways

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personality traits

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a statistical technique that identifies groups of related objects; it was used by Cattell to identify clusters of traits

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factor analysis

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five traits or basic dimensions currently considered to be of central importance in describing personality

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Big Five

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personality theories that view behavior as the product of the interaction of cognitions, learning and past experiences, and the immediate environment

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cognitive-social learning theories

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in Bandura's view, what a person anticipates in a situation or as a result of behaving in certain ways

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expectancies

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in Bandura's theory, standards that people develop to rate the adequacy of their own behavior in a variety of situations

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performance standards

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according to Bandura, the expectancy that one's efforts will be successful

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self-efficacy

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according to Rotter, an expectancy about whether reinforcement is under internal or external control

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locus of control

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personality tests that are administered and scored in a standard way

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objective tests

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objective personality test created by Cattell

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Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire

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an objective personality test designed to assess the Big Five personality traits

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NEO-PI-R

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The most widely used objective personality test, orginally intended for psychiatric diagnosis

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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)

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Personality tests, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, consisting of ambiguous or unstructured material

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projective tests

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a projective test composed of ambiguous inkblots; the way people interpret the blots is thought to reveal aspects of their personality

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Rorschach test

Front 48

A projective test composed of ambiguous pictures about which a person is asked to write a complete story

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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)