Psychology Ch. 10 & 11

Front 1

Prenatal development

Back 1

the process in which a human embryo or fetus gestates during pregnancy, from fertilization until birth.

Front 2

Zygote

Back 2

the initial cell formed when two gamete cells are joined by means of sexual reproduction.

Front 3

Germinal stage

Back 3

begins at conception and lasts approximately eight weeks; the zygote cells divide rapidly. This growing mass of cells travels through the mother's fallopian tube to the uterus. there, it becomes embedded into the uterine lining and the placenta is formed. The placenta surrounds and protects the zygote and brings in nutrients and oxygen while removing wastes.

Front 4

Embryonic stage

Back 4

lasts from approximately week two to week eight. During this period, the embryo continues to grow and most of the body systems and organs begin formation.

Front 5

Fetal stage

Back 5

lasts from approximately week eight to birth. During the fetal stage growth continues by cell division and the fetus becomes stronger, movement develops and the biological structures become increasingly functional.

Front 6

Motor development

Back 6

refers to the progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities.

Front 7

Cepholocaudal trend

Back 7

the head-to-foot direction of motor development.

Front 8

Proximodistal trend

Back 8

the center-outward direction of motor development.

Front 9

Maturation

Back 9

development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one's genetic blueprint.

Front 10

Developmental norms

Back 10

indicate the typical (median) age at which individuals display various behaviors and abilities.

Front 11

Attachment

Back 11

refers to the close emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers.

Front 12

Separation anxiety

Back 12

emotional distress seen in many infants when they are separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment.

Front 13

Harlow Monkey Experiments

Back 13

Harlow's work with monkeys undermined the reinforcement explanation of attachment.

Front 14

Patterns of attachment

Back 14

Secure:Infants are comfortable when the mother is present and become visibly upset when she leaves.

Anxious-ambivalent(resistant attachment):appear anxious when mother leaves, protest when she leaves, but are not comforted when she returns.

Avoidant: Seek little contact with their mothers and often are not distressed when she leaves.

Front 15

Erikson’s theory – know the 8 stages
Psychosocial crisis

Back 15

1.Trust vs. Mistrust(Is my world predictable and supportive?)
2.Autonomy vs. shame and doubt(Can I do things myself or must I always rely on others?)
3.Initiative vs. Guilt(Am I good or bad?)
4.Industry vs. Inferiority(Am I competent or am I worthless?)
5.Identity vs. Confusion(Who am I and where am I going?)
6.Intimacy vs. Isolation(Shall I share my life with another or live alone?)
7.Generativity vs. self absorption(Will I produce something of real value?)
8.Integrity vs. despair(Have I lived a full life?)

Front 16

Piaget’s theory of Cognitive development

Back 16

Proposed that children's thought processes go through a series of four major stages.

Front 17

Sensorimotor period

Back 17

First stage of Piaget's stage theory. Lasts from birth to about age 2.

Front 18

Object permanence

Back 18

develops when a child recognizes that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible.

Front 19

Preoperational period

Back 19

ages 2 to 7.

Front 20

conservation

Back 20

Piaget's term for the awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or appearance.

Front 21

Concrete operational period

Back 21

ages 7 to 11.

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Formal operational period

Back 22

age 11 onward.

Front 23

Kohlberg’s stage theory of Moral development

Back 23

Preconventional: 1&2-Punishment orientation & Naive reward orientation. (Right and wrong is determined by what is punished and what is rewarded.
conventional: 3&4-Good boy/girl orientation & authority orientation (Right and wrong is determined by others approval, then society's rules.
postconventional: 5&6-Social contract orientation & Individual principles and conscience orientation (Societys rules then ethical principles.

Front 24

Adolescence

Back 24

bridge between childhood and adulthood.

Front 25

Secondary sex characteristics

Back 25

Physical features that distinguish one sex from the other by that are not essential for reproduction.

Front 26

Puberty

Back 26

-Stage where sexual function reach maturity. Marks the beginning of adolescence.

Menarche-the first occurrence of menstruation.
Spermarche-the first occurrence of ejaculation.

Front 27

Identity statuses (see figure 10.15)

Back 27

When individuals make a premature commitment to an identity, yet fail to explore their identity thoroughly

Front 28

Adulthood

Back 28

Years between 18 and 25. Age of possibilities, self focused time of life.
Intimacy Vs. Isolation
Generativity Vs. Self Absorption
Integrity Vs. Despair

Front 29

Personality trait

Back 29

a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations.

Front 30

5 factor model

Back 30

1.Extraversion-outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, assertive, and gregarious.
2.Neuroticism-anxious, hostile, self-conscious, insecure, and vulnerable.
3.Oppeness to experience-curiosity, flexibility, artistic, and imaginative.
4.Agreeableness-sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, modest, and straightforward.
5.Conscientiousness-diligent, disciplined, well-organized, punctual, and dependable.

Front 32

Structure of personality

Back 32

Id-operates according to pleasure principle.
Ego-decision making component that operates according to the reality principle.
Superego-moral component that incorporates social standards of right and wrong.

Front 33

Levels of awareness

Back 33

Conscious-whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time.
Unconscious-contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but nonetheless exert great influence on behavior.
Preconscious-contains material just beneath the surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved.

Front 36

Psychosexual stages

Back 36

Fixation
Oral
Anal
Phallic(Oedipal complex)
Latency
Genital

Front 38

Collective unconscious

Back 38

is a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past.

Front 39

Achetypes

Back 39

emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.

Front 42

Compensation

Back 42

involves efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing ones abilities.

Front 43

Behaviorism

Back 43

a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior.

Front 45

Bandura’s social cognitive theory

Back 45

Observational learning
Model
Self-efficacy

Front 47

Humanistic perspectives

Back 47

a theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth.

Front 48

Roger’s person-centered theory

Back 48

Self-concept
Incongruence
Anxiety and defensive behavior

Front 49

Maslow’s theory of self-actualization

Back 49

Hierarchy of needs-a systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority, in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused.
Self-actualization- people with exceptionally healthy personalities, marked by continued personal growth.

Front 52

Terror Management theory

Back 52

The self-preservation instinct and the awareness of the inevitability of death cause the potential for death related anxiety and terror, which then results in the need to defend cultural worldview and the need to enhance feelings of self-esteem.