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140 Cards in this Set
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psyche
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mind
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logos
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knowledge or study
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psychology
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the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
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behavior
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overt; can be directly observed. (crying)
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mental processes
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covert; cannot be directly observed. (remembering)
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empiricism: the goals
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to measure and describe behaviors. to gather evidence. to gather data
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critical thinking
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ability to analyze evaluate and synthesize information
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critical thinking key principles
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few truths transcend the need for empirical testing. evidence varies in quality. authority or acclaimed expertise does not automatically make an idea true. critical thinkings requires and open mind.
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what might a psychologist research?
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development, leaning, personality, sensation, and perception
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course of human growth.
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development
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how and why it occurs in humans and animals.
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learning
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traits, motivations, and individual differences.
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personality
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how we come to know the world through our five senses.
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sensation and perception
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study and compare behavior of different species especially animals.
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comparative
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how behavior is related to biological processes especially activities in the nervous system.
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biopsychology
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study differences between males and females and how they develop.
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gender
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human and social behavior
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social
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how culture affects behavior
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cultural
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how our behavior is guided by patterns that evolved during our history.
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evolutionary
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what are the goals of psychology?
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description of behavior, understanding, prediction, control
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naming and classifying various observable,measurable behaviors.
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description
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the causes of behaviors and being able to state the causes
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understanding
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predicting behavior accurately
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prediction
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altering conditions that influence behaviors in predictable ways
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control
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to control unwanted behaviors; smoking, tantrums,ect..
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positive control
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to control people's behaviors without their knowledge
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negative control
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father of psychology and set up the first lab to study conscience experience.
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wilhem wundt
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looking inward ( examining and reporting your thoughts feelings ect..) wundt
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introspection
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incorporates both introspections and objective measurement; wundt's approach.
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experimental self observation
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study of learning,teaching, classroom dynamics, and related topics; promoted by functionalists.
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educational psychology
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environmental events
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stimuli
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any identifiable behaviors
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responses
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studied little albert with rosalie raynor.
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watson
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studied animals almost exclusively.
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skinner
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psychology must study observable behavior objectively; studied relationship between stimuli and responses.
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watson and skinner
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our thoughts influence our behaviors, used often in treatment of depression. cognition and conditioning are combined to explain behavior.
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ellis and bandura
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"the whole is greater than the sum of its parts."
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gestalt
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studied thinking, learning,and perception in whole units, not by analyzing experiences into parts.
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gestalt
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when threatning thoughts are unconsciously hald out of awareness.
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repression
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our behavior is largely influenced by our unconscious wishes, thoughts, and desires, especially sex and agression. performed dream analysis and was an interactionist.
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freud
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your perception of your own body, personality, and capabilities.
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self-image
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positive and negative feelings you have about yourself.
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self-evaluation
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mental perspective used for interpreting events.
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frame of reference
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fully developing one's potentials and becoming the best person possible.
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self-actualization (maslow)
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all of our behavior can be axplained through physiological processes. uses brain scans to gather data ex. MRI
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biopsychology
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study of human strengths, virtues, and optimal behavior.- looks at positive side of human behavior.
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positive psychology
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study thoughts, memory, expectations, perceptions, and other mental processes.
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cognitive psychology
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behavior must be judged realtive to the values of the culture in which it occurs.
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cultural relativity
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rules that define acceptable and expected behavior for members of various groups.
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social norms
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usually have masters or doctorate; trained in methods,knowledge, and theories of psychology.
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psychology
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treat more severe psychological problems or do research on mental disorders.
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clinical psychologist
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treat milder problems, such as school or work troubles.
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counseling psychologist
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MD; usually use medications to treat problems. generally do not have extensive training in providing talk therapy.
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psychiatrists
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recieve additional training post phd or md at an institute for psychoanalysis.
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psychoanalysis
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many have masters degrees and perform psychotherapy.
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psychiatric social workers
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advisor who helps solve problems with marriage, school, and so on.
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counselor
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six basic elements of the scientific method
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observation, defining a problem, proposing a hypothesis, gathering evidence/testing the hypothesis, publishing results, building a theory.
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scientifically testing predicted outcome of an experiment or and educated guess about the realtionship between variables.
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hypothesis testing
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defines a scientific concept by stating specific actions or procedures used to measure it.
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operational definition
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a system of ideas that interrelates facts and concepts, summarizes existing data, and predicts future observations.
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theory
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observing a person or an animal in the environment in which they/it lives.
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naturalistic observation
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changes in behavior caused by an awareness of a person or animal being observed.
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observer effect
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occurs when observers see what they expect to see or record only selected details.
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observer bias
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attributing human thoughts, feelings, or motives to animals, especially as a way of explaining their behavior. ex my cat acts that way because its depressed
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anthropomorphic fallacy
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a non experimental study designed to measure the degree of a relationship(if any) between two or more events, measure, or variables.
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correlational studies
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statistics ranging from -1.00 to +1.00; the sign indicates the direction of the relationship.
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coefficent of correlation
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closer the statistic is to -1.00 or to +1.00 the....
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stronger the relationship
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correlation of 0.00 demonstrates...
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no relationship between the variables.
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increases in one variable are matched by increases in the other variable.
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positive correlation
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increases in one variable are matched by decreases in the other variable.
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negative correlation
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just because two variables are related does not mean that one variable casues the other to occur.
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correlation does not demonstrate causation
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any condition that can change, and might affect, experiment's outcome.
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variables
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conditions altered by the experimenter; experimenter sets their size, amount, or value; these are suspected causes for behavioral differences.
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independent variable
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demonstrates effects that independent variables have on behavior. result
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dependent variable
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conditions that a researcher wants to prevent from affecting the outcomes of the experiment( number of hours slept before the experiment)
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extraneous variables
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the group of subjects that gets the independent variable
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experimental group
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the group of subjects that gets all conditions except the independent variable.
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control group
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subject that has an equal chance of being in either the experimental or control group.
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random assignment
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results gained would occur very rarely by cahnce alone, usually less than 5 experiments out of 100.
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statistically significant
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study of results of other studies
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meta-analysis
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alter our expectations about out own emotional and physical reactions; fake pill
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placebo
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only the subjects have no idea whether they get real treatment or placebo
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single blind experiment
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the subjects and the experimenters have no idea whether the subjects get real treatment or placebo.
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double blind experiment
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a prediction that leads people to act in ways to make the prediction come true.
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self-fulfilling prophecy
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in depth focus on all aspects of a single person
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case study
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natural events such as accidents that provide psychological data
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natural clinical tests
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using public polling techniques to answer psychological questions
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survey method
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small group that accuratly reflects a larger population
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representative sample
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entire group of animals or people belonging to a particular category(all married women)
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population
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web based research; low cost and can reacdh many people
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internet surveys
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problem in research; a tendency to give polite or socially desirable answers
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courtesy bias
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any unfounded system that resembles psychology and is not based on scientific testing
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pseudo psychologies
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lines on your hands predict the future
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palmistry
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personality traits revealed by the shape of skull
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phrenology
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personality traits are revealed by your hand writing
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graphology
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the positions of the stars and planets at birth determine personality traits and affect your behavior
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astrology
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tendency to believe positive or flattering descriptions of your self
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uncritical acceptance
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when we remember or notice information that confirms our expectations and forget the discrepancies
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fallacy of positive instances
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tendency to consider personal descriptions accurate if stated in general terms. (so general that something in them will always apply to any one person.
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barnum effect
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seperating fact from fiction
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be skeptical, consider source of info, ask yourself if there was a control group, look for errors in distinguishing between correlation and causation, single examples are not proof.
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wundts ideas brought to the u.s. by tichener; dealt with structure of mental life
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structuralism
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how the mind functions to help us adapt and survive
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william james- functionalist
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animals keep features through evolution that help them adapt to environments.
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darwin and his theory of natural selection.
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emphasizes internal impulses,desires, and conflicts especially those that are unconscious; views behavior as the result of clashing forces within personality;somehwat negative pessimistic view of human nature.
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psychodynamic view
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emphasizes the study of observable behavior and effects of learning, stresses the influence of external rewards and punishments; neautral scientific somewhat mechanistic view of human nature.
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behavioistic view
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seeks to explain behavior through activity of the brain and nervous system physiology genetics the endocrine system biochemistry and evolution neautral reductionistic mechanistic view of human nature.
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biopsychological view
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concerned with thinking knowing perception understanding memory decision making and judgement; explains behavior in terms of information processing neutral somehwat computer like view of human nature.
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cognitive view
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does research on the brain, nervous system, and other physical origins of behavior.
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biopsychology
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does psychotherapy investigates clinical problems; develops methods of treatment
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clinical
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studies human thinking and informations processing abilities.
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cognitive
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promotes community wide mental health through research,prevention,education,and consultation.
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community
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studies and compares the behaviors of different species especially animals.
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comparative
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researches packing, advertising, marketing methods, and characteristics of consumers.
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consumer
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does psychotheropy and personal counseling; researches emotional disturbances and counseling methods
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counseling
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studies the ways in which culture,subculture, and ethnic group membership affect behavior.
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cultural
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conducts research on infant,child,adolescent, and adult development; does clinical work with disturbed children;acts as consultant to parents and schools.
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developmental
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investigates classroom dynamics, teaching styles, and learning; develops educational tests, evaluates educational programs
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educational
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does applied research on the design machinery, computer, airlines, automobiles. and so on for business industry and the military.
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engineering
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studies the effects of urban noise,crowding,attitudes towards the enviroment, and human use of space; acts as a consultant on environmental use.
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environmental
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studies problems of crime and crime prevention,rehabilitaion programs, prisons, courtroom dynamics; selects candidates for police work.
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forensic
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does research on differences between males and females, the acquisition of gender identity, and the role of gender throughout life.
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gender
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studies the relationship between behavior and health; uses psuchological principles to promote health and prevent illness.
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health
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selects job applicants,does skills analysis,evaluates on the job training, improves work environment and human relations in organizations and work settings.
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industrial organizational
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studies how and why learning occurs; develops theories of learning.
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learning
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applies pyschology to manage medical problems, such as the emotional impact of illness, self screening for cancer compliance in taking medicine.
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medical
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studies personality traits and dynamics; develops theories of personality and tests for assessing personality traits.
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personality
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does psychological testing,referrals,emotional and vocational counseling of students; detects and treats learning disabilities; improves classroom learning.
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school
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studies the sense organd and the process of perception; investigates the mechanisms of sensation and develops theories about how perception occurs.
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sensation and perception
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investigates human social behavior,including attitudes,conformity,persuasion,prejudice, friendship, aggression, helping, and so forth.
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social
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this is too much info
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!!!!!
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behavior is observed in a natural setting;much information is obtained, and hypothesis and questions for additional research are formed.
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naturalistic observation
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little or no control is possible;observed behavior may be altered by the prescence of the observer, observations may be biased; causes cannot be conclusively identified.
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demonstrates the existence of relationships; allows prediction;can be used in lab,clinic,or natural setting.
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correlation method
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little or no control is possible;relationshsips may be coincidental;cause and effect realtionships cannot be confirmed.
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clear cause and effect relationships can be identified; powerful controlled observations can be stages, no need to wait for natural event.
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experiemtnal method
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may be somehwat artificial; some natural behavior not easily studied in laboratory.
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takes advantage of natural clinical trials and allows investigation of rare or unusual problems or events.
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clinical method
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little or no control is possible; deos not provide a control group for comparison, subjective interpretation is often necessary, a single case may be misleading ir unrepresentative.
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allows information about large numbers of people to be gathered; can address questions not answered by other approaches.
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survey method
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obtaining a representaive sample is a critical and can be difficult to do; answers may be inaccurate, people may not do what they say or say what they do.
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studies personality traits and dynamics; develops theories of personality and tests for assessing personality traits.
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personality
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does psychological testing,referrals,emotional and vocational counseling of students; detects and treats learning disabilities; improves classroom learning.
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school
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studies the sense organd and the process of perception; investigates the mechanisms of sensation and develops theories about how perception occurs.
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sensation and perception
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investigates human social behavior,including attitudes,conformity,persuasion,prejudice, friendship, aggression, helping, and so forth.
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social
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this is too much info
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!!!!!
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