Psychology-Ch 1 & 2

Front 1

Development

Back 1

Changes that occur over lifetime

Front 2

Social/Emotional Development

Back 2

Temperment, personality & socialization

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Life Span Development Characteristics - 4

Back 3

Multidemensional-Physical,cognitive,emotion,personality
Age Graded-cultures have roles based on age
History Graded-Each generation influenced by history in their lifetime-depression, war, ect
Non-Normative-events not widespread that influence your life-breast cancer-win lottery, ect

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Continuity Theorist

Back 4

Believe development is result of gradual & cumulative changes over your lifetime

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Discontinuity Theorist

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Believe development occurs in discreet, identifiable stages.
Freud, Erikson & Piaget

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Scientific Experiment

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Form hypothesis then test, draw conclusion and make findings available to others.

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Naturalistic Experiment

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Watching in Natural setting-no manipulation.

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Field Experiment

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In natural setting with manipulation-like special math instruction

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Controlled Experiment

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Done in lab-hooked up to monitor to study frustration and then give hard task.

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Independant Variable

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Ones that are manipulated by experimentor-like special math instruction for one group and not the other.

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Dependent Variable

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Outcome of interest-such as score on math test after special instruction.

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Confounding Variable

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Things that affect the result in unanticipated ways that were not controlled-like personality or love of math.

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Case Study

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One person studied closely-given surveys, interviews,ect

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Sequential Design Study

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Combination of both designs-longitudinal(over time) & Cross Section(different times)-like 100 five year olds and then 2 yrs later same kids, plus new group.

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Data Analysis

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Statistical procedure done to make sense of findings.

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Descriptive Research or Correlation

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Means variables are related but cannot say one caused the other

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Descriptive Statistics

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Means, modes, frequencies and simple correlation

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Inferential Statistics

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Used to determine if significant difference between 2 or more scores

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Ethological Perspectives

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Ethology refers to idea that behavior is influenced by biological factors. Exp-child needs nuturing 1st year or will be unable to form attachments.

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Psychodynamic Perspectives

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Theory of Freud that we have unconscious mind that contains memories of early childhood development.

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Sigmund Freud

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Founder of psychodynamic theory-proposed psychosexual theory where people are sexual beings from birth, each stage associated with erogenous zones.

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Id

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Centered on seeking pleasure and avoiding pain.

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Ego

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Centered on reality and balances demands of id and restirctions of superego to meet realities of situation.

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Superego

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Conscience-develops last- starting in early childhood.

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Conscious Mind

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Information readily available

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Unconscious Mind

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Repressed painful memory

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Preconscious Mind

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Intermediary between the conscoius and unconscious and pops in and out as in slip of tongue, dreams, jokes

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Defense Mechanisms

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Where your mind represses so you won't remember.

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Erik Erikson

Back 29

Modified freuds theory and developed Psychosocial Theory

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Psychosocial Theory

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Focuses on non-sexual crisis or turning points

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Daniel Levison

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Studied development of man from midlife to old age

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George Vaillant

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Expanded on Eriksons stages for midlife and older adulthood

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Behaviorist Theorist

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do not view development as occuring in stages-believe human actions are result of patterns of reinforcement from enviroment.

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Ivan Pavlov

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Pavlov dogs-discovered concept of classical coditioning

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John Watson

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Father of Behaviorism-classical conditioning in humans-helped scientist understand phobias and fears.

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BF Skinner

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proposed operant conditioning where pleasant stimuli=positive reinforcement and unpleasant stimuli=punishment

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Operant Conditioning

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Pleasant Stimuli=positive reinforcement
Unpleasant Stimuli=punishment

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Edward Thorndike

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Behaviorist for learning principals like cats escaping from puzzle box=gradual learning

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Albert Bandura

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Proposed that people or kids can learn by observing and imitation but are selective in what they imitate

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Self Efficacy

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Study of how people believe they are competant or likely to suceed

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Jean Piaget

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Theory of child cognitive development-thought kids were active participants in their own learning not passive receivers of information.

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Cognitive Development

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Where kids are active participants in their own learning not passive receivers of information.

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Assimilation

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Taking in information as it is, incorporate new knowledge into existing framework(schema)

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Accomidation

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When info does not fit into any existing schema or old schema(framework)

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Schema

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Framework

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Robbie Case

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Proposed child has limits on amt of info they can deal with until they master-develop like staircase sudden changes then palteau-sudden change-plateau

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Lawrence Kohlberg

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Developed the theory of Moral Reasoning-the way people use cognitive process to solve ethical dilemas.

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Humanistic Theory

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People take control of their own behavior

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Abraham Maslow

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Offered important perspective on human learning with hierachy of human needs-where each need must be met before child is ready for acedemic task

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Self Actualized Person

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Spontaneous, creative and good at solving problems. Self directed, good relationships and likes privacy.

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Carl Rogers

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Founder of client directed therapy-where thearipist listens and reflects back what client said.

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Urie Bronfenbrenner

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Theory that social enviorment of individual is set of concentric circles.

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Microsystem

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Structures that impinge on everyday life-family,school, peers, neighbors

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Mesosystem

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Looks at how systems in microsystem interact and intersect

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Exosystem

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Extended family, mass media, government policies

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Macrosystem

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Attitudes & beliefs of culture reflected in education, legal, religion

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Chronosystem

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Pattern of events that unfold over chronological age

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Lev Vygotsky

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Cognitive development-said kids must first talk out loud to themselves to control behavior until speech internalizes into thought process

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Zone of Proximal Development

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Vygotsky thought some task too difficult for child to do without adults.