Psychology: Attention And Memory

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encoding

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the processing of information so that it can be stored

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storage

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the retention of encoded representations over time that corresponds to some change in the nervous system that registers the event

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retrieval

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the act of recalling or remembering stored information to use it

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modal memory model

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the three-stage memory system that involves sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory, developed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin

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sensory memory

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memory for sensory information that is stored briefly close to its original sensory form

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short-term memory (STM)

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a limited-capacity memory system that holds information in awareness for a brief period

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working memory (WM)

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an active processing system that keeps different types of information available for current use (20-30 sec)

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chunking

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organizing information into meaningful units to make it easier to remember

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central executive

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part of the WM, presides over the interactions between the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and long-term memory, encodes/filters info to be stored in LTM and retrieves info from LTM when needed

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phonological loop

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part of the WM, encodes auditory info and is active whenever a person tries to remember words by reading, speaking, or repeating them

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visuospatial sketchpad

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part of Baddeley's WM, processes visual info, such as objects' features and where they are located

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episodic buffer

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part of Baddeley's WM, holds temporary info about oneself, drawing heavily on long-term episodic memory

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long-term memory (LTM)

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the relatively permanent storage of information

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serial position effect

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the ability to recall items from a list depends on order of presentation, with items presented early or late in the list remembered better than those in the middle

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implicit memory

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the system underlying unconscious memories

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explicit memory

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the processes involved when people remember specific information

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declarative memory

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the cognitive information retrieved from explicit memory; knowledge that can be declared

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episodic memory

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memory for one's personal past experience

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semantic memory

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memory for knowledge about the world

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procedural memory

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a type of implicit memory that involves motor skills and behavioral habits

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prospective memory

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remembering to do something at some time in the future

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schema

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a hypothetical cognitive structure that helps us perceive, organize, process, and use information

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retrieval cue

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anything that helps a person (or other animal) recall information from memory

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encoding specificity principle

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any stimulus that is encoded along with an experience can later trigger memory for the experience, developed by Endel Tulving

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consolidation

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a hypothetical process involving the transfer of contents from immediate memory into long-term memory

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reconsolidation

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neural processes involved when memories are recalled and then stored again for later retrieval

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spatial memory

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memory for the physical environment; it includes things such as location of objects, direction, and cognitive maps

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posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

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a mental disorder that involves frequent nightmares, intrusive thoughts, and flashbacks related to an earlier trauma

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forgetting

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the inability to retrieve memory for long-term storage

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transience

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the pattern of forgetting over time

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proactive interference

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when prior information inhibits the ability to remember new information

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retroactive interference

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when new information inhibits the ability to remember old information

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blocking

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the temporary inability to remember something that is known

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absentmindedness

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the inattentive or shallow encoding of events

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amnesia

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deficits in long-term memory that result from disease, brain injury, or psychological trauma

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retrograde amnesia

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the condition in which people lose past memories, such as memories for events, facts, people, or even personal information

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anterograde amnesia

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an inability to form new memories

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flashbulb memories

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vivid memories for the circumstances in which one first learned of a surprising, consequential, and emotionally arousing event

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source misattribution

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memory distortion that occurs when people misremember the time, place, person, or circumstances involved with a memory

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cryptomnesia

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a type of misattribution that occurs when a person thinks he or she has come up with a new idea, yet has only retrieved a stored idea and failed to attribute the idea to its proper source

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suggestibility

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the development of biased memories when people are provided with misleading information

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source amnesia

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a type of amnesia that occurs when a person shows memory for an event but cannot remember when he or she encountered the information

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confabulation

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the false recollection of episodic memory

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memory bias

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the changing of memories over time in ways consistent with prior beliefs