Psychology (Attachment)

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Adaptive

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Able to fit into a surrounding environment.

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Affectional

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Able to show care for other beings.

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Attachment

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A reciprocal emotional bond between a child and primary caregiver.

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Behavioural Categories

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?

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Classical Conditioning

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Where somebody learns to associate two things by experiencing them together - e.g. Pavlov's dog associated the bell with food.

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Collectivist Culture

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Any culture that places more value on the collective rather than the individual, and on interdependance rather than independance.

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Continuity Hypothesis

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The theory that there is a link between the early attachment relationship and later relationships.

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Controlled Observation

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?

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Covert Observation

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When research is being done on a group without their knowledge.

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Cross-Cultural Study

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?

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Deprivation Dwarfism

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The suggestion that lack of emotional care rather than poor nourishment is the cause of children in institutional care being physically smaller.

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Disinhibited Attachment Disorder

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A type of disorganized attachment where children do not discriminate between people they choose as attachment figures. Such children will treat near strangers with inapropriate familiarity (overfriendliness) and may be attention seeking.

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Event Sampling

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?

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Evolution

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The process of development, improvement.

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Imprinting

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An innate desire for e.g. geese to form a bond with the first object they see - usual the mother.

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Innate

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Characteristics that are inborn due to genetic factors

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Insecure - Avoidant

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Children who tend to avoid social interaction and intimacy with others.

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Insecure – Disorganised

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Children characterisd by lack of consistant patterns of social behaviour.

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Insecure - Resistant

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Children who seek and reject intimacy and social interaction.

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Internal Working Model

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A schema of relationships developed from the first attachment relationship - helps to predict and control

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Learning Theory of Attachment

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The idea that you learn to become attached after birth through the processes of classical and operant conditioning.

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Monotropy

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Bowlby's theory that one special bond enables later emotional development

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Naturalistic Observation

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?

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Operant Conditioning

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Learning whether your own actions are likely to be reinforced by rewards or inhibited by punishments.

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Overt Observation

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Observing a group of people openly.

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Primary Attachment Figure

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The person that a baby first forms a bond with.

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Privation

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The lack of having any attachments due to the failure to develop such attachments during early life.

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Punishment

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A bad consequence of a 'bad' action.

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Reactive Attachment Disorder

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?

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Reinforcement

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?

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Response

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The reaction to a stimulus.

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Sampling Procedures

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?

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Secure Attachment

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This is a strong and contented attachment of an infant to his or her primary caregiver.

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Secure Base

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A sense of security provided by the attachment figure which enables the baby to explore its surroundings.

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Sensitive Period

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The period in which a baby is biologically most successful in forming an attachment - Bowlby said 2nd 3 months

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Separation Anxiety

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The distress shown by an infant when separated from his/her attachment figure.

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Social Releasers

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Behaviours - e.g crying and cooing - which help the 'mother' and child to form a bond by eliciting appropriate behaviour from the 'mother'

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Stimulus

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?

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Strange Situation

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?

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Stranger Anxiety

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The distress shown by an infant when approached or picked up by someone who is unfamiliar.

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Structured Observations

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?

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Time Sampling

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?

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Unstructured Observations

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?

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The 7 Key Terms in Bowlby's Theory

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Innate; continuity hypothesis; imprinting; internal working model; monotropy; sensitive period

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Temperament Hypothesis

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The belief that children form secure attachments simply because they have a more 'easy' temperament from birth, whereas innately difficult children are more likely to form insecure attachments and later relationships.

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Insecure Attachment

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This is a form of attachment between an infant and a primary caregiver that develops as a result of the caregiver's lack of sensitive responding to the infants needs.

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Individualistic Culture

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Any cultrue that places more value on the individual rather than the "collective", and on independance rather than interdependance.

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Cultural Variations

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The ways that different groups of people vary in terms of their social practices and the effects these practices have on development and behaviour.

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Culture

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The term that refers to all the rules, morals, customs and ways of interacting that bind together members of a society of some other collection of people.

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Institutionalisation

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Describes the result of institutional care where inhabitants are offered little emotional care.

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Social Development

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That aspect of a child's growth concerned with the development of sociability, where the child learns how to relate to others.

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Day Care

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This refers to a form of temporary care (I.e. not all day and night long), not given by family members or someone well known to the child, and usually outside the home.