Psychology At Happiness 1 O

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Conjoined twins

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Language squishing- we would feel same happiness but they would describe it as very happyexperience stretching - feel different feel happier bc emotional experience is “impovershed”Gilbert describes a study in which while participants are interviewed, the participants’ view of the interviewer is temporarily obstructed. When the participants’ view is restored a new interviewer continues as if nothing has happened. Most of the participants did not notice that a different person was now conducting the interview.

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Language squishing

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we would feel same happiness but they would describe it as very happy

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experience stretching

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feel different feel happier bc emotional experience is “impovershed”

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Data in ch.3 of Layard

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since 1950 % of very happy ppl has remained same even tho real income per head has doubled.

countries have high happiness % even when income per head is lowgenerally countries with greater income per head tend to be happy

Breadline- XTRA Income will be more highly valued closer to breadline… the idea that happiness for the more affluent declines steadily as you get richer (but is not properly shown in data set)... does show that with economic growth, avg. happiness rises. Once ppl are above breadline avg. happiness rises. however are countries with low income per head and high % happy

-Cross national data and within society - state of economy has effact. … national happiness does increase with national wealth but plateaus at fairly low level of wealth. -National wealth begins to have a diminishing effect on well being in countries that are well below level of wealth in US. - Indicates does not have to be terribly wealthy before further Increases in wealth begin to fail to boost happiness

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Skeptic's argument

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getting happier but we dont realize it. Layard refutes saying we actually arent getting happier

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Layards arguments ch. 4

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ppl care greatly about relative income…. they would be willing to accept a significant fall in living standards if they felt they were moving up compared to others- ppl care about income relative to previous income.. rich ppl always say they need more than poorerdue to competitiveness, there is tendency to sacrifice too much leisure in order to increase outcome get used to material possessions easily, life may be distorted towards working and making money and draw away from more psycologically beneficial pursuits ppl in US. work longer hours than those in europereasons include, taxes, more satisfying work or less satisfying home, GDP higher, productivity per hour same…Europe Happiness has increased US. has not

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Layards explanation between income happines -

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reference group matters most… if an individual changes their reference group upwards, individual is objectively better but subjectively worseboth rich and poor use each other as referencemakes sense that rich are happier than the poor bc rich are so near top. if every one income rose happiness would increase- but only ⅔ as much as it would if only income rose

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Relation between changes in experienced income and perception required income

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ppls norms adjusted to their actual living standards

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-ppl are considered with relative income not their absolute income- t/f

-some ppl more affected by social comparision

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True true

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Suggestions Layard gives in ch.4

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4 - ignore comparisons with more succesful ppl, compare downwards, seek out good things that u cant adapt to. enjoy things as they are without comparing them to better,. find out what makes you happy

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How does money compare to other predictors of happiness

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xtra dollars makes less diff. for richer

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Hedonic adaption

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headonic treadmill- once u have a certain new experience u need more to sustain happiness...adapt to happiness rise in benchmark

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Easterlin Paradox

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1) income and wealth predict happiness within a country

2) wealth not strong predictor of well being across diff. countries (avg. satisfaction of wealthier countries not happier than poorer ) (turns out to be incorrect, although the effect is small when comparing rich and poor countries)

3)Economic growth does not improve long term happiness (turns out to be technically false, but the effect that economic growth does have is small for wealthy countries, and complicated for all

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wealth is not strong predictor of well being across countries.. increase in wealth does not mean increase in happines … standard model indicates that economic boost increases well being… under assumption that all ppl are going to make rational happines increases choises with wealth

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eASTERLIN P..

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Eudaimonia

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ristotle believed this to be object of life… type of happiess associated with virtuous life and philisophicle reflection…. Inspired mili to believe happiness is dependent upon quantity and quality of experience

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What data suggest about validity of easterlin paradox-

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data suggests that national happiness does not increase with national wealth but effect seem to plateu.. happiness changes by same amount everytime wealth doubles

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Income inequalitY BRINGS

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incarceration rates, infant mortality and rates of mental illness. Furthermore, it is also associated with rifts in the social fabric such as lowered trust, poor voter participation, and lack of civic engagement.

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Mediatior

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Influences strength in relationship- … study more -> GPA (Mediator would be learning) : Study -> learn - > do well… political ideology, perception

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Wilkinson and Pickett inequality and happiness -

data consistant with ^

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triangular connection between inequality, loss of face and feeling disrespected and social problems is what we would expect if inequality produced ill effects because of social comparison processes.

- ^income inequality is associated with lower levels of general trust in others and perceived fairness, which was then associated with lower levels of happiness

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money symbolism -

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-Money reminded participants are less interested in communal activities and more focused on individualistic behaviors. money primes induce selfishness among children between the ages of five and eight years old. produce a market orientation among participants. i

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Creative destruction

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refers to the incessant product and process innovation mechanism by which new production units replace outdated ones. this is a key feature of capitalism. When apple comes out with the iphone 6,

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Core dilemma of modern society

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The dilemma is that happiness has apparently stopped increasing, particularly in the West, despite tremendous gains in human health and wealth. Researchers argue that because of our technologies, most Westerners no longer suffer from hunger, cold, pain, and thirst; yet these technologies still have not led to widespread happiness. The question/dilemma then is why not, and what can be done to increase happiness?--the answer is likely that we now have other motivations besides our basic survival needs

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Describe potential pathways by which evolutionary factors might influence behavior

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--Orgams: reward men for pro11creative behavior; promote conception for females (orgasmic contractions promote the flow of semen toward the ovum and may encourage ejaculation)--“sire choice” hypothesis: orgasms help women “choose” to conceive with healthy men who will provide good genetic material to their children--differential parental investment: predicts that women will be more cautious about entering sexual relationships than men because of their higher “investment” in any potential children--positional bias causes us to be more competitive and seek more resources or better mates than our peer

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Evolutionary pathways likely to be direct or indirect?

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indirect -- happiness is not “directly encoded in the genes,” so the the effects of genes on well-being are likely indirectHappiness is not encoded within our genes, therefore the path to happiness is more likely to be indirect

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-Epigenetics

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the study of how developmental processes affect the expression of genes (Holliday, 1987, 2006), indicates that environmental events can influence whether genes are activated or not, thus providing an example of gene/environment interaction

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interactionist perspective

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both genes and environment play a role in our happiness

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What is the "smoke detector" principle and why is it important?

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--”false alarms” would have been evolutionarily advantageous even at the cost of anxiety and expenditure of energy-ex: if a panic flight costs 200 calories but being clawed by a tiger costs 20,000 calories, it would be worthwhile to flee in panic whenever the the probably of a tiger being present is high- The negative emotion of anxiety is normal at certain levels, and helped our ancestors survive

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-strategic inference theory:

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negative emotions such as anger, jealousy, and upset result when our efforts to obtain evolutionarily goals are blocked; negative emotions tell us that something is wrong, and that we need to fix that problem

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--Positional bias:

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individuals are more concerned with their relative status than their absolute

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What psychological features may contribute to well-being according to the evolutionary theory?

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--laughter, altruism

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--biophilia hypothesis:

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because humans evolved in natural environment, we should have affinity for them; thus, exposure to nature should increase psychological well-being and replenish our attentional capacities and energy levels

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Satiation hypothesis

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income has a weak or non-existent relation to well being after it reaches about $ 75,000 per year

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loss aversion

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refers to people's tendency to strongly prefer avoiding losses to acquiring gains. Most studies suggest that losses are twice as powerful, psychologically, as gains.

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Layard argues that economists “don’t have a clue.” According to Layard, what is wrong with the measures economists use? What should be measured instead, according to Layard?

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people don’t recognize that people aren’t as rational as they think

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Negative Self- Appraisal Model

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comes from the consumer marketing literature and suggests that advertising and consumer culture purposefully produce feelings of inadequacy among individuals who are exposed to marketing messages… materialism engendered by these advertisements lead to negative self appraisals when then lower our well being

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Self determination Theor

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argues that materialistic goals and values are incompatible with other more satisfying, values and goals- bc of materialisms focus on extrinsic goals such as status seeking- materialism undermines social relationships

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Financial Satisfaction Model

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materialists likely dissatisfied with their financial standing Ditmarr

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Psychological Insecurities Model

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advertising along with unmet emotional needs combine to produce materialism… a lack of nurturance during childhood , Materialism in this model is an ineffective

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Sketch Kasser’s model of MVO and happiness.

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insecurities Insecurity--(+)---> MVO --(+)---> --(-)---> relationship quality --(-)---> happinesscultural models cultural models

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How strong is the empirical support for Kasser’s model of MVO and happiness? Discuss issues of attributing causality and establishing generality in your answer.We propose that an MVO develops through two main pathways :

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a) from excersises that induce feelings of insecurity and b) from exposure to social models that encourage materialistic values.

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Kassars MVO -

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Psychological insecurities resulted from lacking 3 needs: autonomy, relatedness, and competence. People who lacked these tended to have higher MVO. The strong MVO often served to compensate for the low levels of needs. Worries include, self worth, ability to cope with challenges, and safety. For examples, adolescents with fewer positive expressions with mothers often have a higher MVO, likely due to lacking relatedness

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Kasser’s goal materialism ..

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does not meet emotioanal goals