Psychology ---> Associative Learning, Memory & Depth Perception

Front 1

What is Classical Conditioning?

Back 1

Classical Conditioning considers the learning of associations between stimuli and responses. A Stimulus comes to elicit a response that it does not normally elicit.

Front 2

What is operant conditioning?

Back 2

Operant conditioning considers the learning of associations between behaviors and their consequences. Cats in crates.

Front 3

what is semantic conditioning?

Back 3

Using words as a stimulus in classical conditioning.

Front 4

What is conditioned taste aversion?

Back 4

The classical conditioning of an aversion to a taste that has been associated with a noxious stimulus. Chemotherapy & Mapletoff.

Front 5

What is the law of effect?

Back 5

A behavior, followed by a "satisfying" state of affairs is strengthened and a behavior followed by an "annoying" state of affairs is weakened.

Front 6

What is instrumental conditioning?

Back 6

The process by which behaviors are instrumental in producing certain consequences. SKinner called this operant conditioning because people learn to "operate" on the environment to produce desired consequences, instead of just responding reflexively as in classical conditioning.

Front 7

What are behavioral contingences?

Back 7

positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, extinction and punishment.

Front 8

What is positive reinforcement?

Back 8

a behavior that is followed by the presentation of a desired stimulus becomes more likely to occur in the future.

Front 9

What is the Premack Principle?

Back 9

A behavior that has a higher probablility of occurrence can be used as a positive reinforcer for a behavior that has a lower probability .

Front 10

What is a primary reinforcer?

Back 10

one that is biological and unlearned: oxygen, water, food, warmth and sleep.

Front 11

What is a secondary reinforcer? AKA conditioned reinforced

Back 11

one that is learned and becomes reinforcing by being associated with a primary reinforcer. powerful secondary reinforcers are praise, money and power.

Front 12

What is shaping?

Back 12

Animal trainers rely on this technique to get them to perform actions that they would rarely or never perform. In shaping, the individual is reinforced for successive approximations of the target behavior and eventually reinforced for the target behavior itself.

Front 13

What is a continuous schedule of reinforcement?

Back 13

every instance of a desired behavior is reinforced. a rat in a skinner box that gets food each time it presses a lever. vending machines.

Front 14

What is a partial schedule of reinforcement?

Back 14

reinforcement that is given for only some instances of a desired behavior. they are divided into fixed ratio & variable ratio.

Front 15

What are fixed ratio and variable ratio schedule of reinforcement.

Back 15

Fixed ratio provides reinforecemnt after a specific number of desired responses. a variable ratio provides reinforcement after an unpredictable number of desired responses. the number of responses will vary around an average. gambling- this is why gamblers find it so hard to quit--they know they will eventually receive positive reinforcement, though they do no know when.

Front 16

What are fixed interval & variable schedules of reinforcement?

Back 16

fixed- reinforcement of the first desired repsonse after a set period of time. variable- provides reinforcement for the first desired response made after varying periods of time which vary around an average.

Front 17

What is negative reinforcement?

Back 17

behavior that brings about the removal of an aversive stimulus becomes more likely to occur in the future.

Front 18

What is escape learning?

Back 18

Learning to end something aversive. because daydreaming lets you escape from boring lectures, you are likely to daydream whenever you find yourself listening to one.

Front 19

What is avoidance learning?

Back 19

Learning to prevent something aversive. you can avoid the sound of a warning buzzer by buckling up before you start up your car.

Front 20

What is positive punishment? What is negative punishment?

Back 20

positive- punishment decreases the probability of a behavior by presenting something undesirable. negative- punishment that decreases the probability of a behavior by removing something desirable.

Front 21

What are flashbulb memories?

Back 21

vivid, long-lasting memories of important, suprising, emotionally arousing events are called flashbulb memories.

Front 22

What is sensory memory?

Back 22

sensory memory stores, in sensory registers, exact replicas of stimuli impinging the senses. sensory memories last for a very brief period, only a few seconds.

Front 23

What is short-term memory?

Back 23

when you attend to informaiton in sensory memory, it is transferred to short-term memory.

Front 24

What is long-term memory?

Back 24

information transferred from short-term memory into long-term memory can be stored for up to a lifetime.

Front 25

What is iconic memory?

Back 25

visual sensory memory.

Front 26

What is echoic memory?

Back 26

auditory sensory memory.

Front 27

What is maintenance rehearsal?

Back 27

simply holding information in short-term memory without trying to transfer it into long-term memory.

Front 28

What is elaborative rehearsal?

Back 28

actively organizing information and integrating it with information already stored in long-term memory.

Front 29

What is procedural memory?

Back 29

Includes memories of how to perform behaviors.

Front 30

What is declarative memory?

Back 30

memories of facts. both semantic & episodic. semantic- includes memories of general knowledge. episodic- includes memories of personal experiences tied to particular times and places.

Front 31

What is the serial-position effect?

Back 31

Immediate recall is worse for items in the middle of a list than those in the beginning and end of a list. The better memory for items at the beginning of a list is called the primacy effect, and the better memory for items at the end of a list is called the recency effect.

Front 32

What is the method of savings?

Back 32

relearning

Front 33

What is contact-dependent memory?

Back 33

the tendency for recall is best when the environmental context present during the encoding of a memory is also present during attempts of retrieval.

Front 34

What is state-dependent memory?

Back 34

The effect on recall of the similarity between a person's state during encoding and during retrieval.

Front 35

What is retinal disparity? binocular cue

Back 35

the degree of difference between the images of an object that are focused on the two retinas.

Front 36

What is convergence? binocular cue

Back 36

the degree to which the eyes turn inward to focus on an object.

Front 37

What is accomodation? monocular cue

Back 37

change in the shape of the lens to help focus the image of an object on the retina.

Front 38

What is motion parallax? monocular cue

Back 38

the tendency to perceive ourselves as passing objects faster when they are closer to us than when they are farther away.

Front 39

What are pictorial cues? monocular cues

Back 39

help create depth in drawing s and paintings. interposition, relative size, linear perspective, elevation, shading patterns, aerial perspective, and texture gradient.