Psychology As A Social Science

Front 1

structuralism

Back 1

1892, Titchener, an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind-proved slightly unreliable

Front 2

functionalism

Back 2

William James, school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes fucntion-how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish

Front 3

William James

Back 3

psychology professor at Harvard, allowed Mary Calkins into his graduate seminar and ended up teaching her alone, created theory of functionalism

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behaviorism

Back 4

1920s-1960s, John B. Watson, the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes, most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not (2)

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humanistic psychology

Back 5

Rogers and Maslow, historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth

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nature-nurture issue

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the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors, today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture

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John Locke's nature-nurture theory

Back 7

the mind starts as a blank sheet on which experience writes (nurture), rejected notion that there are inborn ideas

Front 8

hindsight bias

Back 8

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it (also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)

Front 9

critical thinking

Back 9

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions, rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

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population

Back 10

all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

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random sample

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a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

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correlation

Back 12

a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

Front 13

correlation coefficient

Back 13

a a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)

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correlation/causation

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correlation does not mean causation, association does not prove causation

Front 15

independent variable

Back 15

the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

Front 16

dependent variable

Back 16

the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulation of the independent variable