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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Boring’s definition: |
"Intelligence is whatever intelligence tests measure"
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Galton’s theory |
that people with better senses acquire more knowledge Research showed different sensory capacities were only weakly related to each other •Also showed that measures of sensory ability are not highly related to intelligence |
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Binet and Simon’s 1905 first intelligence test |
•Focused on higher mental processes – reasoning, understanding, judgment •Most now agree that intelligence is related to abstract thinking capacity
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Positive correlations among all items on IQ tests led to Spearman’s development of ___ and ___ |
g s |
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__________ _________ accounts for overall differences in intellect among people |
General intelligence (g)
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Our particular skills are reflected in our _________ __________ |
specific abilities (s)
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Cattell and Horn theorized that "intelligence" is a mix of two capacities |
•Fluid intelligence •Crystallized intelligence |
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Fluid intelligence _______ into crystallized intelligence over time |
"flows"
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Gardner’s "frames of mind" |
ways of thinking about the world
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Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Linguistic |
Characteristic of Higher Scorers speak and write well Suggested Occupation translator, editor |
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Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Logico-mathematical |
Characteristic of Higher Scorers Use logic and mathematical skills to solve problems, such as scientific questions Suggested Occupation scientist,engineer |
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Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences spatial |
Characteristic of Higher Scorers think and reason about objects in three dimensional space Suggested Occupation architect, artist |
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Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences musical |
Characteristic of Higher Scorers perform, understand, and enjoy music Suggested Occupation musician, teacher |
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Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences bodily-kinesthetic |
Characteristic of Higher Scorers manipulate the body in sports, dance or other physical endeavors Suggested Occupation athlete, coach, physiotherapist |
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Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences interpersonal |
Characteristic of Higher Scorers understand and interact effectively with others Suggested Occupation salesperson, teacher, counsellor |
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Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences intrapersonal |
Characteristic of Higher Scorers understand and posses insight it self Suggested Occupation philosopher, prophet |
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Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences naturalistic |
Characteristic of Higher Scorers recognize identify and understand animals, plants, and other living things Suggested Occupation naturalist, biologist, veterinarian |
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Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Mixed scientific reaction to this model, because it’s: |
•virtually impossible to falsify •not clear why certain abilities classify as intelligences, while others don’t •no good evidence that these intelligences are truly independent |
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Triarchic Model Sternberg theorized _____ largely distinct types of intelligence |
three •Believes that having one does not ensure you have the others |
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Triarchic Model •Has several weaknesses
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•Practical intelligence is not independent of g •We all possess strengths and weaknesses, but they might not be as distinct as theorized
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Biological Bases of Intelligence •Brain volume correlates __________ with measured intelligence (between ___ and ___) |
positively between 0.3 and 0.4 |
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Biological Bases of Intelligence •Moderate correlation doesn't explain all, and may not be directly |
causal
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Biological Bases of Intelligence •Evidence suggests ________ ______ development is slower in gifted children |
cerebral cortex
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Biological Bases of Intelligence •Intelligence may reflect __________ of mental processing |
efficiency
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Testing Intelligence Self-reports only correlate ___ to ___ with objective measures of intelligence |
0.2 to 0.3
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Modern IQ tests use a _________ IQ that eliminates age effects |
deviation Compares each person to what is average for his or her own age group |
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Eugenics Movement •Soon after IQ tests were developed, their use began to be abused •Led to worry about "low IQ" in certain groups, and the eugenics movement •Forcible _____________ and i__________ laws were most visible impacts on society |
sterilization immigration |
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IQ Testing Today Most commonly used IQ test for adults is the ________ ______ _________ ________ Consists of 15 subtests that give five scores: •Overall IQ •Verbal comprehension •Perceptual reasoning •Working memory •Processing speed |
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
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IQ Testing Today-Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Consists of ___ subtests that give ______ scores: |
15 5 •Overall IQ •Verbal comprehension •Perceptual reasoning •Working memory •Processing speed |
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WAIS Sample Items On which continent is France? Example of: |
Information Test, taps general range information
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WAIS Sample Items Why do people need birth certificates? Example of: |
Comprehension Test, tests understanding of social conventions and ability to evaluate past experience
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WAIS Sample Items How many hours will it take to drive 150 miles at 50 miles per hour? Example of: |
Arithmetic Test, tests arithmetic reason through
verbal problems |
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WAIS Sample Items How are a calculator and a typewriter alike? Example of: |
Similarities Test, asks in what way certain objects or concepts are similar, measure abstract thinking
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Every aspect of intelligence testing is impacted by __________ |
culture (Mushquash & Bova, 2007)
•Content •Materials •Phrasing •Directions •Scoring |
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Culture-Fair IQ Tests: •Raven’s Progressive Matrices: Which is the final pattern in this series? |
•Consist of abstract-reasoning items that don’t depend on language
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Culture-Fair IQ Tests •Raven’s Progressive Matrices: |
Which is the final pattern in this series?
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Reliability of IQ Scores In ________, scores tend to be highly stable over long periods of time |
adults
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Reliability of IQ Scores •Prior to age ______, though, IQ tests are very unstable and poor predictors of adult IQ |
three
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Validity of IQ Scores _________ successful at predicting grades
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•Moderately •School success depends on many things |
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Intellectual Disability •Characterized by: |
childhood onset of low IQ (below about 70) and inability to engage in adequate daily functioning
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Intellectual Disability •Around ___% of North American population (mostly _______) |
1% males |
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•Four levels: |
mild, moderate, severe, profound
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Mental Giftedness •Refers to the top ___% of IQ scores |
2% •Large portion occupy certain professions: doctors, lawyers, engineers, professors |
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Genetic Influences on IQ •Family studies confirm that IQ _____ ___ ________
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runs in families
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Genetic Influences on IQ •Sibling IQs correlate at ____, cousins at ______ |
0.5 0.15 |
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Genetic Influences on IQ •Twin studies show identical twin correlations of _____ to ____, fraternal of ____ to ____ |
0.7 to 0.8 0.3 to 0.4 |
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Genetic Influences on IQ •But high levels of __________ ___________may swamp out effects of genes |
environmental deprivation
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Genetic Influences on IQ •Twins reared apart are as _______ in IQ as twins reared together |
similar •Adoption studies point to the influence of environment, but still strongly support important of genetics on IQ |
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Environmental Influences •Those that think IQ is ______ tend to take less academic risks, challenging themselves less
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fixed
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Environmental Influences Children from _______ families have slightly lower IQs than children from ________ families |
larger smaller |
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•Amount of __________ seems to exert a causal influence on IQ |
schooling
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Poverty and IQ •Jensen’s cumulative deficit study: |
•Lack of proper nutrition and exposure to lead may lead to lower IQs •Scientific controversy regarding impact of breastfeeding on IQ Copyright |
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Flynn Effect •The average IQ of the population has been rising by about ___ points every _____ years •Most likely the result of __________ ___________ |
3 10 environmental changes 1.Increased test sophistication 2.Increased complexity of modern world 3.Better nutrition 4.Changes at home and school |
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Sex Differences in IQ •Most research finds few or no average differences between males and females •But, males are more _________ in their scores |
variable
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Sex Differences in IQ •Research shows consistent differences in terms of specific _________ _________ •_________ tend to do better on some verbal tasks and recognizing emotions in others •__________ tend to do better on spatial ability tests, like mental rotation and geography |
mental abilities Females •Aggregate Data Fallacy |
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Racial Differences in IQ •_________-__________ and _________- _________ score lower than Caucasians on standard IQ tests |
African-Americans Hispanic Americans |
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Racial Differences in IQ •________ ________ score higher than Caucasians |
•Asian-Americans
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Racial Differences in IQ •Jews score slightly higher than _____-______ |
non-Jews
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Racial Differences in IQ differences appear to be largely or completely ____________ in origin |
environmental
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Reconciling Racial Differences •The differences between groups are due to ________; within groups are due to __________ |
environment genetics •Within-group vs between-group heritability Equal environments show equal IQs, no "boost" from Caucasian ancestry |
