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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a prefrontal lobotomy? |
A surgical procedure that severs the frontal lobes of the brain from the underlying thalamus
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What does heuristic mean?
What is hindsight bias? -tendancy to over estimate how well we could havesuccessfully forecasted known outcomes |
Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb-that help us streamline our thinking and make sense of the world
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What is representatives heuristics? |
Heuristics that involves judging the probabilities of anevent by its superficial prototype
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By relying too heavily on the representatives heuristic youneglect to consider what psycoligist call extremely low _______ _______ of this major |
-base rate
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Base rate is what? |
-a term for how common a characteristic or behavior is in the general population
What is availibity heuristic? |
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What is availibity heuristic? |
-heuristic that involves estimating the likelihood of anoccurance based on the ease that it comes to our minds
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What is cognative biases? |
-systematic errors in thinking
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What is hindsight bias? |
-tendency to over estimate how well we could have successfully forecasted known outcomes |
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What is over confidence? |
-tendancy to over estimate our ability to make correct predictions
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What is naturalistic observation? |
-watching behavior in real world settings with out trying to manipulate the situation |
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What is external validity? |
-extent to which we can generalize findings in real world settings
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What is internal validity? |
Extent to which we can draw cause and effect inferences from a study
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What is a case study? |
Research design that examines one person or small number of people in depth, often over an extended period of time |
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What is existence proof? |
Demonstration that a given psyciological phenomenan can occur
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What is random selection? |
-procedure that ensures that every person in a population has equal chance of being chosen as a participant |
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When evaluating the results from any independent variable we need to ask what? |
-Is our measure reliable? Is it valid?
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What is reliability? |
-consistency of measurement
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What is Interrator reliability?
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The extent to which different people who conduct an interview, or make behavioral observations agree on the characteristics they are measuring
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Reliability is necessary for validity because of what? |
-we need to measure something consistently before we can measure it well
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What is validity? |
-extent to which a measure asses what it purports to measure
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What is correlational design? |
Research design that examines the extent to which two variables are associated
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What does a positive correlation mean? |
-as the value of one variable changes the other goes in the same direction
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What is a 0 correlation? |
-the variables don’t go together
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What is negative correlation? |
-as the value of one variable changes the other goes the opposite way
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What are correlational coefficients?
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-the statistics that psychologist use to measure correlations
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What is a scatterplot? |
-grouping of points on a 2 dimensional graph in which each dot represents a single persons data
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What is an illusionary correlation? |
-the perception of a statistical association between two variables where none exists
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Illusionary correlations provide the basis for many _______________ |
-superstitions
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What is an experiment? |
-research design characterized by random assignment of participants to conditions and manipulation of an independent variable
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What is random assignment? |
-randomly sorting participants into groups
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What is a control group? |
-In an experiment, the group of participants that does not receives the manipulation
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What is an experimental group? |
-in an experiment, the group of participants that receives the manipulation |
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What is between subject design? |
In an experiment, researchers assign different groups to the control or experimental condition
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What is with in subject design? |
In an experiment, each participant acts as his or her own control
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What is an independent variable? |
-the variable that the experimenter manipulates
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What is the dependent variable? |
-the variable that an experimenter measures to see whether the manipulation has an effect
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What is an operational definition? |
-a working definition of what a researcher is measuring
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What is the placebo effect? |
Improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement
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What is blind? |
-unaware of whether one is in the control or experimental group |
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What is the experimenter expectancy effect?
Science is value______ Neutral |
-phenomenon in which researchers hypothesis lead to unintentionally bias the outcome of a study
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What is double blind? |
-when neither researchers or participants are aware of who is in the experimental or control group
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What is the noceabo effect? |
Harm from the mere expectation of harm
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What are demand characteristics? |
Cues that participants pick up from a study that allow them to generate guesses regarding the researcher’s hypotheses
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Science is value______ |
Neutral
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What is informed consent?
What is central tendency? -measure of the central scores in data set,or where the group tends to cluster |
Informing research participants in a study before asking them to participate
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Deception is only justifiable when what? |
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What are statistics?
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-application of mathematics to describing and analyzing data
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What are descriptive statistics? |
-numerical characterization that describe data
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What is central tendency? |
-measure of the central scores in data set, or where the group tends to cluster
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What is mean? |
-average; a measure of central tendency
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What is median? |
Middle score in data set; a measure of central tendency
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What is mode? |
-most frequent score in data set; a measure of central tendency
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What is variability? |
Measure of how loosely or tightly bunched scores are
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What is range? |
Difference between highest and lowest scores; a measure of dispersion
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What is standard deviation? |
Measure of dispersion that takes into account how far each data point is away from the mean
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What are inferential statistics? |
Mathematical methods that allow us to determine whether we can generalize findings from our sample to the full population
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What is peer review? |
When psychologists send submitted articles to outside reviewers
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What is sharpening? |
-the tendency to exaggerate the central message, of a study
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What is leveling? |
-tendency to minimize the central details of a study
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What is extrasensory perception (ESP)? |
Perception of events outside the normal channels of sensation
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What is psuedosymetry? |
-appearance of scientific controversy where none exists
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What is the Ganzfield technique? |
An experimental setup devised to reduce background noise to increase sensitivity to ESP signals
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