Psychology

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder

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Uncontrollable worry. Unfocussed (free floating). 6 months

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Panic Attack

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Worry about implication from attacks. Significant behaviour change. 1 month.

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Agorophobia

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Repeated panic attacks. Fear leads to never leaving the house.

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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

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Obsessions, repetitive thoughts & behaviours

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Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

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After bad event, can't sleep, flashbacks, social isolation

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Anxiety & The Brain

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overactive limbic systems = greater PTSD

smaller amygdala

serotonin, GABA, dopamine, epinephrine

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Classical Conditioning

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Pavlov - Neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus that has a automatic unconditioned response. Then, neutral stimulus repeatedly being exposed to unconditioned stimulus (which has an unconditioned response) produces a conditioned response. Ex. music while kissing - ur heart starts racing when you hear the song u listen to when kissing

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Social Psychology

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How we think about, influence, and relate to one another

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Attribution Theory

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Tendency for observers, when analyzing others' behaviour, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

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Attitude

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Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way.

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Peripheral Route Persuasion

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Influenced by incidental cues like speaker's attractiveness

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Central Route Persuasion

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Focus on arguments respond w/ favourable thoughts

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Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon

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The tendency for ppl who have first agreed to a small request to comply later w/ a larger request

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Role

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Expectations (norms) about social position & how to behave

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Cognitive Dissonance Theory

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Act to reduce discomfort when 2 thoughts are inconsistent

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Conformity

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Adjusting our behaviour or thinking to coincide w/ a grp standard

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Normative social influence

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influence resulting from person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

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informative social influence

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influence resulting from a person's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality

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social facilitation

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doing better in presence of others or worse if not good at the activity

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social loafing

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Not putting in effort in grp projects - diminished responsibility

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Deindividuation

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the loss of self-awareness & self-restraint occurring in grp situations that foster arousal and anonymity

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Prejudice

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Unjustifiable negative attitude toward grp

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discrimination

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prejudice behaviour

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just-world phenomenon

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Tendency for ppl to believe the world is just & that people therefore get what they deserve

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Agression

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any act intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

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scapegoat

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theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

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social script

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culturally modelled guide for how to act in various situations

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Altruism

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unselfish regard for the welfare of others

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Social Exchange theory

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maximize benefits

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Reciprocity norm

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help ppl who helped them

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Social-responsibility norm

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help ppl needing their help

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social trap

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situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the grp, become caught in mutually destructive behaviour

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Mirror image perceptions

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both sides see themselves good, other side bad

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self-fulfilling prophecy

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belief that leads to its own fulfillment

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superordinate goals

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share goals that cant be done in separate grps - requires cooperation

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GRIT

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strategy designed to decrease international tensions

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personality

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an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, & acting

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psychodynamic theories

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view personality with a focus on the unconscious & the importance of childhood experiences

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psychoanalysis

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Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the technique used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose & interpret unconscious tensions.

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id

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satisfying sexual and aggressive drives. Operates on pleasure principle.

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superego

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standards for judgement

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psychosexual stages

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oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

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oedipus complex

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boy's sexual desires toward mother and feelings of jealousy to father

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identification

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children incorporate their parent's values into their developing superegos

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fixation

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pleasure form earlier stage that lingers

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defence mechanisms

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Regression: moving to a lower stage in psychosexual stages, displacement: putting anger on someone else, reaction formation: acting extra friendly, projection: blaming everyone else, rationalization: excuses for one's actions, denial

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Repression

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Banishes consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts

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Thematic Apperception Test (ATA)

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expressing inner feelings through made up stories

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Rorschach inkblot test

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10 inkblots interpretation

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terror-management theory

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death-related anxiety

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Humanist theories

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personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

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self-actualization

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Maslow

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Self-concept

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"Who am I?"

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Personality inventory

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True-false, agree-disagree

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Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI)

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Most widely used. (true-false?)

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Empirically derived test

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testing pool of items, then selecting those that discriminate between groups

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Social-cognitive perspective

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behaviour influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including thinking) and their social context

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reciprocal determinism

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interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition and environment

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self

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centre of personality

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spotlight effect

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overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearances, performances, and blunders

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self-efficacy

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one's sense of competence and effectiveness

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Dissociative disorders

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Conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, & feelings

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Dissociate Identity Disorder

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2 or more distinct & alternating personalities. Formally called multiple personality disorder

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Personality disorders

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Inflexible & enduring behaviour patterns that impair social fxning

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Antisocial Personality Disorder

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lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless

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Psychological disorder

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Disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation, or behaviour

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Epignetics

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Study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur w/out DNA changes

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Rumination

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Overthinking about our problems and their causes

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Chronic schizophrenia

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(process) symptoms appear late adolescence. W/ age, episodes last longer & recovery periods shorten.

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Acute schizophrenia

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(Reactive) any age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event & has extended recovery

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Psychotherapy

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Treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions b/w a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.

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Electic approach

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Uses techniques from various forms of therapy

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Psychoanalysis

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Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and the therapist's interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing patient to gain self-interest.

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Resistance

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Blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

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Transference

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Patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked w/ other relationships (ex. love for a parent)

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Psychodynamic therapy

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Therapy derived from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, & seeks to enhance self-insight.

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Insight therapies

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A variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological fxning by ^ a person's awareness of underlying motives and defences.

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Client-centred therapy

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Carl Rogers. Genuine, accepting, empathic environment

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Active Listening

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Carl Rogers. Echoes, restates, clarifies

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Behaviour therapy

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Applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviours

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Counterconditioning

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Behaviour therapy that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviours; includes exposure therapies and aversion conditioning

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Exposure therapies

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Behavioural techniques, like systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy that treat by exposing to things they fear.

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Systematic desensitization

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Pleasant relaxed state w/ anxiety-triggering stimuli

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Aversion conditioning

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Unpleasant state (nausea) w/ unwanted behaviour (drinking alcohol)

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Cognitive therapy

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teaches new ways of thinking

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Cognitive-behavioural therapy

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cognitive therapy w/ behavioural therapy.