Psychology

Front 1

Wilhelm Wundt

Back 1

Established the 1st psychology late at the University of Leipzig; he was studying reaction time and awareness of perception

Front 2

Structuralism

Back 2

Which school of thought did Wilhelm Wundt establish?

Front 3

Structuralism

Back 3

This school of thought deals with using introspection to understand the structure of the mind

Front 4

William James

Back 4

was associated with functional psychology; functional psychology was influenced by Darwin, and explored how mental and behavioral processes function to help an organism adapt and survive

Front 5

functional psychology

Back 5

Which school of thought was influenced by Darwin, and explored how mental and behavioral processes function to help an organism adapt and survive

Front 6

Neuroscience

Back 6

Current perspective: how the brain affects emotion & sensory experience

Ex: Medication to correct chemical imbalance

Front 7

Evolutionary

Back 7

Current perspective: how natural selection of traits promoted survival

Ex: Understand fight or flight response

Front 8

behavioral genetics

Back 8

Current perspective: how genes and environment influence us

Ex: look at family history and environmental triggers

Front 9

psychodynamic

Back 9

current perspective: how behavior results from unconscious drives & conflict

Ex: explore underlying childhood issues

Front 10

behavioral

Back 10

current perspective: how we learn observable responses, such as fears

Ex: learn new, positive behavioral responses

Front 11

Cognitive

Back 11

current perspective: how we encode, process and retrieve information

Ex: change self-statements that increase anxiety

Front 12

social-cultural

Back 12

current perspective: how behaviors and thinking vary across cultures

Ex: explore cultural themes that increase anxiety

Front 13

basic research

Back 13

professions: pure science that aims to increase scientific knowledge (for example, discovers links between brain activity and behavior)

Front 14

applied research

Back 14

professions: scientific study that tries to solve practical problems (for example, how to boost worker productivity)

Front 15

counseling psychology

Back 15

professions: assist people with problems in living and achieve greater well-being

Front 16

clinical psychology

Back 16

professions: studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

Front 17

industrial/organizational psychology

Back 17

professions: uses psychological concepts in the workplace to select & train employees, boost morale & productivity

Front 18

psychiatry

Back 18

professions: branch of medicine that deals with psychological disorders from a biological perspective, including use of medication

Front 19

"BIO"

Back 19

the biopsychosocial approach: (biological influences) hereditary, brain mechanisms, hormones

Front 20

"PSYCHO"

Back 20

the biopsychosoical approach: (psychological factors) learned fears, emotional responses, cognitive style

Front 21

"SOCIAL"

Back 21

the biopsychosocial approach: (social-cultural influences) family, peers, society

Front 22

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Back 22

a complex molecule containing genetic information, blue print

Front 23

transgender

Back 23

a person's gender identity and biological sexual identity differ

Front 24

transsexual

Back 24

a person who chooses to change his/her biological sexual identity to match his/her gender identity, usually with the aid of medical procedures

Front 25

heterosexual

Back 25

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of the other sex

Front 26

homosexual

Back 26

an enduring sexual attraction towards members of one's own sex

Front 27

bisexual

Back 27

an enduring sexual attraction towards members of both sexes

Front 28

dual processing

Back 28

the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

Front 29

insomnia

Back 29

sleep disorder: persistent problems in falling or staying asleep

Front 30

narcolepsy

Back 30

sleep disorder: uncontrollable sleep attacks

Front 31

sleep apnea

Back 31

sleep disorder: temporary cessation of breathing during sleep followed by momentary awakenings

Front 32

night terror

Back 32

sleep disorder: high arousal and appear terrified; not nightmares and not during REM sleep, mostly in children

Front 33

sleepwalking

Back 33

sleep disorder: not during REM sleep; diminishes with age

Front 34

tolerance

Back 34

with repeated use, achieving the desired effect requires larger doses

Front 35

addiction

Back 35

compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors despite known adverse consequences

Front 36

withdrawal

Back 36

discomfort and distress that follows discontinuing the use of an addictive drug or behavior

Front 37

diminished brain function

Back 37

effects of sleep deprivation: decreased attention (decreases work productivity and increases accidents), increased risk of depression

Front 38

Greater risk of obesity

Back 38

effects of sleep deprivation: increased hunger-arousing hormone, increased fat cell production

Front 39

decreased effectiveness of immune system

Back 39

effects of sleep deprivation: suppression of immune cell production and increased risk of infections

Front 40

(1) increased risk of high blood pressure, (2) increased inflammation and arthritis in joints, and (3) reduced muscle strength, slowed reaction time

Back 40

What are the last 3 effects of sleep deprivation?

Front 41

depressant

Back 41

type of psychoactive drugs: decrease neural activity and slow bodily functions

Front 42

stimulants

Back 42

type of psychoactive drug: increase neural activity and speed body functions

Front 43

hallucinogens

Back 43

type of psychoactive drug: distorts perceptions

Front 44

depressants

Back 44

Examples of this psychoactive drug: alcohol, barbiturates (tranquilizers), opiates (morphine, heroin)

Front 45

stimulants

Back 45

examples of this psychoactive drug: caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, meth, ecstasy

Front 46

hallucinogens

Back 46

examples of this psychoactive drug: LSD, Marijuana, Ecstacy

Front 47

gender roles

Back 47

social expectations that guide men's and women's behavior; these roles vary over time & place

Front 48

experimental research

Back 48

type of research: manipulates a factor to determine if it has an effect on another factor

Front 49

experimental group

Back 49

experimental research: the group that receives the treatment

Front 50

control group

Back 50

experimental research: the group that does not received the treatment: serves as a comparison

Front 51

random assignment

Back 51

experimental research: by assigning subjects randomly to the experimental and control groups, pre-existing differences between the groups that could account for an effect are minimized. If differences between the two groups are found, one can be more certain that it is due to the experimental effect

Front 52

placebo effect

Back 52

experimental research: experimental results caused by expectation

Front 53

double-blind procedure

Back 53

experimental research: corrects for the placebo effect; neither the subject nor the experimenter know whether he/she is giving or receiving the treatment or the control

Front 54

IV

Back 54

experimental research: the experimental factor that is being manipulated

Front 55

DV

Back 55

experimental research: the outcome measured that may change as a result of the independent variable

Front 56

confounding variable

Back 56

experimental research: a factor other than the IV that could produce an effect. random assignment helps minimize cofounding variables

Front 57

1. Obtain informed consent prior to the experiment

2. Protect from harm

3. Keep information about individuals confidential

4. Debrief participants following the experiment , explaining what was done and why

Back 57

What are the 4 Ethics in Psychological Research?

Front 58

Infancy

Back 58

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: trust vs. Mistrust (if basic needs met, develop sense of trust)

Front 59

toddlerhood

Back 59

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: autonomy vs. shame/doubt (need to exercise their will or doubt abilities)

Front 60

preschool

Back 60

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: initiative vs. guilt (initiate and carry out tasks or guilt about efforts towards independence)

Front 61

elementary school

Back 61

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: competence vs. inferiority (gain pleasure from competency at tasks, or may feel confused about identity)

Front 62

adolescence

Back 62

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: identity vs. role confusion (refine, test out, integrate roles to form a sense of self, or may feel confused about identity)

Front 63

young adulthood

Back 63

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: intimacy vs. isolation (form close relationships to gain capacity for intimate love, or may feel socially isolated)

Front 64

middle adulthood

Back 64

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: generatively vs. stagnation (discover sense of contributing to the world, or may feel lack of purpose)

Front 65

late adulthood

Back 65

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: integrity vs. despair (reflecting on his/her life, feels a sense of satisfaction or failure)

Front 66

preconventional (prior to age 9)

Back 66

Kohlberg's Level of moral reasoning: obey rules for self-interest

Front 67

conventional (early adolescence)

Back 67

Kohlberg's Level of moral reasoning: obey rules for social approval and maintain social order

Front 68

postconventional (adolescence and beyond)

Back 68

Kohlberg's Level of moral reasoning: actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles

Front 69

attachment

Back 69

social development: a survival instinct that keeps infants close to their caregivers

- body Contact (soothing through touch facilities attachment)

- familiarity (repeated exposure to someone facilities attachment)

Front 70

authoritarian

Back 70

parenting styles: parents impose rules and expect obedience

Front 71

permissive

Back 71

parenting styles: parents submit to their children's desires, they make few demands and rarely punish

Front 72

authoritative

Back 72

parenting styles: parents are both demanding and responsive; they exert control by setting rules but encourage open discussion and allows exceptions (children with this type of parents generally have the highest self-esteem, self-reliance, and social competence)

Front 73

nature vs nurture

Back 73

the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. todays' psychological science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of this...

Front 74

psychology

Back 74

the science of behavior and mental processes

Front 75

- same-sex attraction exists in other species

- differences exist between gay and straight brains

- genetic research indicates that there is a hereditary component

- prenatal hormone environment through the mother's immune system may influence the fetal brain development re: sexual orientation

- gay-straight trait differences exist

Back 75

What are the biological influences in sexual orientation?

Front 76

cell body

Back 76

Part of the Neuron: contains nucleus with chromosomes

Front 77

dendrites

Back 77

Part of the Neuron: fibers that receive information from other neurons & conduct that information to the cell body

Front 78

axon

Back 78

Part of the Neuron: extensions that transmits information to other neurons, muscles, and glands

Front 79

terminal buttons

Back 79

Part of the Neuron: form junction with other cells; neutrotransmitters are released

Front 80

myelin sheath

Back 80

Part of the Neuron: fatty tissue year enasing the axon in segments, enables faster transmission speed of neutral impulses

Front 81

glial cells

Back 81

Part of the Neuron: provide nutrients and myelin sheath to neurons

Front 82

brainstem

Back 82

Part of the Brain: oldest and most basic part of the brain which contains the (medulla: controls heartbeat and breathing; pons: coordinates movement)

Front 83

thalamus

Back 83

Part of the Brain: pair of egg-shaped structures; the brain's sensory router

Front 84

reticular formation

Back 84

Part of the Brain: passes through both the brainstem and thalamus, finger-shaped network of neurons that controls arousal

Front 85

cerebellum

Back 85

Part of the Brain: "little brain" at thea back of the brainstem; processes sensory input, coordinates movement and balance, enables nonverbal learning

Front 86

limbic system

Back 86

Part of the Brain: lies between the oldest (brainstem) and newest (cerebral cortex), associated with emotions and drives, contains:

Front 87

amygdala

Back 87

Part of the Brain: two lima-bean-sized neutral clusters linked to emotion

Front 88

hypothalamus

Back 88

Part of the Brain: lies below the thalamus, directs maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), governs the endocrine system through the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and pleasure

Front 89

hippocampus

Back 89

Part of the Brain: involved in learning and conscious and memory

Front 90

cerebral cortex

Back 90

Part of the Brain: new part of the bring, the body's ultimate control and information-processing center; thin layer of interconnected neural cells covering the two cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum); each hemisphere's cortex is divided into 4 lobes; (each lobe has distinct functions but also work together)

Front 91

frontal lobe

Back 91

Part of the Brain: involved in speaking, thinking memory, making plans and judgments, movement, personality

Front 92

parietal lobe

Back 92

Part of the Brain: involved in sensory perception such as touch

Front 93

occipital lobe

Back 93

Part of the Brain: involved in visual processing

Front 94

temporal lobe

Back 94

Part of the Brain: involved in auditory perception

Front 95

corpus callosum

Back 95

Part of the Brain: band of axon fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres