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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Central Nervous System |
- Brain and Spinal Cord (both contain a large amount of nerve cells) - Takes info and then organizes and evaluates, then direct PNS to do specific behaviors depending on the situation - ____ and PNS work together to help us function and do simple tasks such as think and act |
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Peripheral Nervous System |
- Consists of Nerve Cells in the Soft Organs of the Remainder of the body - Covers the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System |
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Neurons Structure |
Dendrite, cell body, axon, and the terminal buttons) |
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Dendrites |
Detect signals from neighboring neurons |
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Cell Body |
Information received from thousands of other neurons is collected and integrated |
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Axon |
- After Cell Body - Electrical impulses are transmitted here |
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Terminal Buttons |
Are at the end of an Axon |
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Action Potential |
- Fired down the axon to terminal buttons, then chemicals released into synapse - "Sodium Potassium Pump" helps return neuron to resting state - Made possible by the myelin sheath (fatty layer that insulates the axon) |
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Steps in Neural Communication |
- Transmission - Reception - Integration |
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Transmission |
Neurons pass signals to receiving neurons |
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Reception |
Neurons receive signals from neighboring neurons |
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Integration |
Neurons assess the incoming signals (then can be repeated) |
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Neurotransmitters Removal |
- Carry out info from the pre- synaptic neuron 1) When reabsorbed by the pre- synaptic neuron called the re- uptake 2) When enzymes destroy the neurotransmitter while in the synapse (enzymes break down other substances) |
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Excitatory and Inhibitory Signals |
- Thousands of both are added to the cell body (rather than just single signal) - If excitatory signal is past a certain threshold, the post-synaptic neuron fires an action potential. Then returns to resting state (process repeated 100 times a second) |
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Excitatory |
Increase the likelihood of a neuron firing |
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Inhibitory |
Decreases the likelihood of a neuron firing |
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Chemicals that Effect Behavior |
- Agonists - Antagonists - Acetylcholine - Epinephrine - Norepinephrine - Serotonin - Dopamine - GABA Receptor - Glutamate - Endorphins |
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Agonists |
Drugs that enhance actions of neurotransmitters |
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Antagonists |
Drugs that inhibit actions of neurotransmitters |
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Acetylcholine |
Motor Control over Muscles, also attention, memory, learning and sleeping |
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Epinephrine |
Energy |
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Norepinephrine |
Arousal and alertness |
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Serotonin |
Emotional states and Impulse Control. Also dreaming |
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Dopamine |
- Reward and Motivation - Motor Control over Voluntary Movement |
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GABA Receptor |
- Inhibition of Action Potential, Anxiety Regulation, and intoxication |
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Glutamate |
- Enhancement of Action Potentials - Learning and Memory |
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Endorphins |
Pain Reduction and Reward |
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Hindbrain |
- Medulla- controls basic functions for survival: heart rate, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, urination, and orgasm - A blunt force blow to this area may cause death. - Pons |
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Pons |
Important for sleep, arousal and in coordination of movement between the left and right side of the body |
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Cerebellum |
Located behind both the medulla and pons in the back lower portion of the brain. Focused on proper motor functioning |
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Results In Damage To Hindbrain - Bottom - Ridge that runs up back - Lobes on either side |
- Head tilt and balance - Walking - Loss of coordination in limbs |
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Mid Brain |
- Located above pons - Involved in the reflexive movement of eyes and body - Substantia Nigra - Essential in producing Dopamine |
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Substantia Nigra |
- Important for making voluntary and initiating movements - Parkinson's Disease caused when these cells die, decreases Dopamine |
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Fore Brain |
- Thalamus - Hypothalamus - Hippocampus - Amygdala - Basal Ganglia |
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Thalamus |
Gateway to the cortex. Receives all incoming sensory information, organizes it, then relays it to the cortex (Except smell- that directly goes to the cortex) Somewhat shuts down during sleep to allow for someone to stay asleep |
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Hypothalamus |
Master regulatory structure. Below the Thalamus. Receives information and sends all over the body and brain. Helps functioning in many internal organs. Regulates your body temperature, body rhythms (sleeping and waking), blood pressure, blood sugar) Involved in motivations for behaviors such as drinking, eating, aggression, and sex. |
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Hippocampus |
New Memories. Forms new memories by creating new neural connections within the cerebral cortex for new experiences |
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Amygdala |
Located in front of the hippocampus. Aids in learning to associate things with emotional responses. Intensifies during times of emotional arousal |
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Basal Ganglia |
Crucial for planning and producing movement. Damage may impair learning of basic habits. Also includes the nucleus accumbens, which is important for experiencing reward and motivating behavior |
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Cerebral Cortex and Functions |
- Outer Layer of the Forebrain (gives the brain the wrinkled look) Size of a Large Newspaper Sheet - Two Halves - Left Hemisphere - Right Hemisphere - Lobes of Cerebral Cortex - Occipital - Parietal - Temporal - Frontal - Prefrontal Cortex |
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Two Halves |
Left and Right Hemisphere (Connected by a structure known as Corpus Callosum which contains millions of axons) Information flows between the two |
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Left Hemisphere |
Responsible for logical thought and language (for most) and ability to speak and write |
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Right Hemisphere
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Spatial Relationships, Emotional aspects of language, Facial Recognition, Abstract Thinking |
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Lobes of Cerebral Cortex
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Occipital, Parietal, Temporal, and Frontal |
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Occipital
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Back of the head. Mainly for vision functioning |
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Parietal
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Partially to touch. Right Hemisphere is reading information on left side of body and Left Hemisphere with right side of body |
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Temporal
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Responsible for hearing. Visual aspects of detailed objects, like faces |
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Frontal |
Essential for planning and movement. Messages directly to spinal cord to move muscles. |
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Prefrontal Cortex |
Rest of the Frontal Lobes. Included in rational thought and human social lives. Feelings of empathy or guilt involved |
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Somatic Nervous System |
- Portion of the PNS with Autonomic Nervous System - Relationship with Central Nervous System- Transmits signals to and from - Specialized receptors in the skin, muscles, and joints send sensory information to the spinal cord, then brain - CNS sends signals through the SNS to skin, muscles, and joins to initiate or inhibit movement (Lasts less than a second) |
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Autonomic Nervous System |
Peripheral Nervous System Component-Regulates the body’s internal environment. Regulates by stimulating glands and by maintaining internal organs. Nerves in the ANS carry signals from glands and internal organs to the CNS - Sympathetic and Parasympathic (both control activity of organs and glands) |
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Endocrine System |
- Nervous system uses electrochemical signals, this system uses chemicals known as hormones - Sexual Development and Behavior - Physical Growth |
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Sexual Development and Behavior |
Gonads- Testes (Males) Ovaries (Females) Adrogen (Testosterone) more prevalent in males, Estrogens (Estradoil) more prevalent in females. Influence secondary sexual characteristics and adult sexual behavior |
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Physical Growth |
Prompts bone, cartilage, and muscle tissue to grow or regenerate quicker after injury |
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Genes Effect on Behavior |
- Units of Heredity, which partially determine an organism’s characteristics - Affecting Thoughts and Behaviors: Genes lay ground work for many human traits. Genetic makeup known as genotype. Observable physical and psychological characteristics known as phenotype. (influenced by the genotype and environmental factors) |
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Synapse |
Point where communication occurs between neurons |
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Electrical Properties |
Neuron covered by a thin membrane (some items move through known as ions) |
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Resting State |
- Start of a neuron - More negative than electrical charge outside |
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Sympathetic |
Helps in preparing ones body for heightened arousal state |
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Parasympathic |
Regulates system when arousal state is decreased and goes back to normal |
