Psychology 7 And 13

Front 1

What were empiricists views on learning?

Back 1

It was a matter of creating associations among ideas as a direct result of experience. Learning influences perception.

Front 2

A decline in the response once the stimulus has become familiar.

Back 2

Habituation

Front 3

An increase in responsiveness when something novel is presented, following a series of presentations of something familiar.

Back 3

Dishabituation

Front 4

A response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior training. Natural response without learning.

Back 4

Unconditioned response

Front 5

A stimulus that reliably triggers a particular response without prior training.

Back 5

Unconditioned stimulus.

Front 6

A response elicited by an initially neutral stimulus--the conditioned stimulus--after it has been paired repeatedly with an unconditioned stimulus

Back 6

Conditioned response

Front 7

An initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a new response due to pairings with the unconditioned stimulus.

Back 7

Conditioned stimulus

Front 8

A form of learning in which one stimulus is paired with another so that the organism learns a relationship between the stimuli.

Back 8

Classical conditioning

Front 9

A form of learning in which a neutral stimulus is first made meaningful through classical conditioning. Then, that stimulus is paired with a new stimulus, also elicits the conditioned response.

Back 9

Second-order conditioning

Front 10

The weakening of a learned response that is produced if a conditioned stimulus is now repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

Back 10

Extinction

Front 11

The reappearance of an extinguished response after a period in which no further conditioning trials have been presented.

Back 11

Spontaneous recovery.

Front 12

The tendency for stimuli similar to those used during learning to elicit a reaction similar to the learned response.

Back 12

Stimulus generalization

Front 13

An aspect of learning in which the organism learns to respond differently to stimuli that have been associated with an unconditioned stimulus (or reinforcement), and stimuli that have not.

Back 13

Discrimination

Front 14

A stimulus signaling that an event is not coming, which elicits a response opposite to the one that the event usually elicits.

Back 14

Inhibitor

Front 15

What is the optimum interval between a CS and US?

Back 15

.5 seconds

Front 16

When the CS provides information about the US's arrival.

Back 16

Contingency

Front 17

A result showing that an animal learns nothing about a stimulus if the stimulus provides no new information. Often from redundant information.

Back 17

Blocking effect

Front 18

A response that offsets the effects of the upcoming unconditioned stimulus.

Back 18

Compensatory response

Front 19

A form of learning in which the participant receives a reinforcer only after performing the desired response, and thereby learns a relationship between the response and reinforcer. (Thorndike's cat in a cage with a lever)

Back 19

instrumental conditioning

Front 20

Thorndike's theory that a response followed by a reward will be strengthened, whereas a response followed by no reward (or by punishment) will be weakened.

Back 20

Law of effect

Front 21

In Skinner's system, an instrumental response that is defined by its effect (the way it operates) on the environment.Like voluntary responses

Back 21

Operant

Front 22

What is the difference between classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning?

Back 22

CC involves learning about the relation between two stimuli; IC involves learning about the relation between a response and stimulus (operant and reward).

Front 23

A stimulus delivered after a response that makes the response more likely in the future.

Back 23

Reinforcer

Front 24

The process of eliciting a desired response by rewarding behaviors that are increasingly similar to that response. Successive approximations.

Back 24

Shaping

Front 25

What are primary and conditioned reinforcers?

Back 25

Primary reinforcers have biological significance (food water, etc). Conditioned reinforcers are stimuli are initially neutral but come to be reinforcers because they are paired with established reinforcers.

Front 26

A response pattern in which an organism evaluates a reward relative to other available rewards.

Back 26

Behavioral contrast.

Front 27

A learning condition is which only some of the organism's responses are reinforced.

Back 27

Partial reinforcement.

Front 28

The rules about how often and under what conditions a response will be reinforced.

Back 28

Schedule of reinforcement

Front 29

A pattern of delivering reinforcements only after a certain number of responses.

Back 29

Ratio schedule.

Front 30

A pattern of delivering reinforcements only after a certain amount of time has passed.

Back 30

Interval schedule

Front 31

Learning that occurs without a corresponding change in behavior. Rats in maze without reward but still learn

Back 31

Latent learning

Front 32

A condition of passivity apparently created by exposure to inescapable aversive events. This conditioning inhibits or prevents learning in later situation in which escape or avoidance is possible.

Back 32

Learned helplessness

Front 33

The process of watching how others behave and learning form their example.

Back 33

Observational learning

Front 34

A form of learning in which the learner acquires a conditioned response merely by observing other participant being conditioned.

Back 34

Vicarious conditioning.

Front 35

Neurons that fire whenever an animal performs an action, such as stretching out its arm or reaching toward a target, and also whenever the animal watches another performing the same action.

Back 35

Mirror neurons

Front 36

A form of learning in which an organism learns to avoid a taste after just one pairing of that taste with illness.

Back 36

Taste aversion learning

Front 37

Learning that occurs without extensive training because of an evolved disposition to the behavior.

Back 37

Prepared learning

Front 38

A process, documented in studies of Aplysia, that underlies many kinds of learning. It occurs when learning results in an increase release of neurotransmitter into the synapse.

Back 38

Presynaptic facilitation.

Front 39

A long lasting increase in a neuron's response to specific inputs, caused by repeated stimulation

Back 39

Long term potentiation

Front 40

An inference about what caused a person's behavior.

Back 40

Causal attribution

Front 41

Attributions that explain someone's behavior in terms of the circumstance rather than aspects of the person.

Back 41

Situational attributions

Front 42

Attributions that explain someone's behavior in terms of factors internal to the person, such as traits or preferences.

Back 42

Dispositional attributions

Front 43

Cultures in which people are considered fundamentally independent and which value standing out by achieving private goals.

Back 43

Individualistic cultures

Front 44

Cultures in which people are considered fundamentally interdependent and which emphasize obligations within one's family and immediate community.

Back 44

Collectivistic cultures

Front 45

The tendency to attribute behaviors to a person's internal qualities while underestimating situational influences.

Back 45

Fundamental attribution error.

Front 46

Beliefs about what kinds of behaviors are associate with particular traits and which traits usually go together; used to develop expectations about people's behavior.

Back 46

Implicit theories of personality.

Front 47

Schemas that are often negative and are used to categorize complex groups of people.

Back 47

Stereotypes

Front 48

A negative attitude toward another person based on that person's group membership.

Back 48

Prejudice

Front 49

What are the three factors of prejudice?

Back 49

affective (emotional) which leads us to view the other group as bad; behavioral which includes our tendencies to discriminate against other groups; and cognitive which is the stereotype itself;

Front 50

The tendency for a member of a group (the in-group) to view members of another group (the out-group) as all alike or less varied than members of his or her own group.

Back 50

Out-group homogeneity effect

Front 51

Beliefs about how a person will behave that actually make the expected behavior more likely

Back 51

Self- fulfilling prophecies

Front 52

A fairly stable evaluation of something as good or bad that makes a person think, feel, or behave positively or negatively about some person, group, or social issue.

Back 52

Attitude

Front 53

The process involved in attitude change when someone carefully evaluates the evidence and the arguments.

Back 53

Central route to persuasion

Front 54

The process involved in attitude change when someone relies on superficial factors, such as the appearance of charisma of the person presenting the argument.

Back 54

Peripheral route to persuasion

Front 55

An uncomfortable inconsistency among one's actions, beliefs, attitudes, or feelings. People attempt to reduce it by making their actions, beliefs, atitudes, or feelings more consistent with one another.

Back 55

Cognitive dissonance

Front 56

The theory that we know our own attitudes and feelings only by observing our own behaviors and deciding what probably caused them, just as we do when trying to understand others.

Back 56

Self-perception theory

Front 57

How can attitude be changed?

Back 57

persuasion, inter group contact, and tendencies toward cognitive consistency

Front 58

A change in behavior due to explicit or implicit social pressure

Back 58

Conformity

Front 59

A reason for conformity based on people's desire to be correct.

Back 59

Informational influence

Front 60

A reason for conformity based on people's desire to be liked (or not appear foolish)

Back 60

Normative influence

Front 61

A change in behavior in response to an instruction or command from another person.

Back 61

Obedience

Front 62

Thinking about the social world in ways that serve an emotional need, such as when people hold beliefs taht help them feel less anxious.

Back 62

Motivated social cognition

Front 63

Thinking about a potential victim in ways that make him seem inhuman; this view makes aggression toward the victim more likely and less troubling to the aggressor

Back 63

Dehumanization of the victim

Front 64

A change in behavior in response to a request.

Back 64

Compliance

Front 65

The social standard that suggests that a favor must be repaid.

Back 65

Norm of reciprocity

Front 66

A sales method that starts with a modest offer, then improves on it. The improvement seems to require reciprocation, which often takes the form of purchasing the item.

Back 66

That's-not-all-technique

Front 67

Changes in a person's behavior due to another person's presence.

Back 67

Mere presence effect

Front 68

The tendency to perform simple or well-practiced tasks better in the presence of others than alone.

Back 68

Social facilitation

Front 69

The tendency to perform complex or difficult tasks more poorly in the presence of others.

Back 69

Social inhibition

Front 70

A pattern in which people working together on a task general less total effort than they would have if htey had each worked alone.

Back 70

Social loafing

Front 71

A state in which an individual in a group experiences a weakened sense of personal identity and diminished self-awareness.

Back 71

Deindividuation

Front 72

Philip Zimbardo's study of the effect of roles on behavior. Participants were randomly assigned to play either prisoners or guards in a mock prison. The study was ended early because the guards role induced cruelty.

Back 72

Stanford prison experiment.

Front 73

A pattern in group discussions in which each member's attitudes become more extreme, even though the discussion draws attention to arguments that could have moderated the views.

Back 73

Group polarization

Front 74

Apattern in which a group appears more willing to take changes or to take an extreme stance than any individual members would have been on their own.

Back 74

Risky shift

Front 75

A patter of thinking that occurs when a cohesive group minimizes or ignores members' differences of opinion.

Back 75

Groupthink

Front 76

A type of misunderstanding that occurs when members of a group don't realize that the other members share their perception (often, their incertainty about how to react to a situation). As a result, each member wrongly interprets the others' inaction as reflecting their better understanding of the situation.

Back 76

Pluralistic ignorance.

Front 77

One of the reason people fail to help strangers in distress: the larger the group a person is in, the less likely he is to help, partly because no one in the group thinks it is up to him.

Back 77

Bystander effect

Front 78

Helping behavior that does not benefit the helper.

Back 78

Altruism

Front 79

The tendency to assume that people who have one good trait also have other good traits.

Back 79

Halo effect

Front 80

The tendency of like to mate with like.

Back 80

Homogamy

Front 81

An emotional state characterized by idealization of the beloved, obsessive thoughts of this person, and turbulent feelings.

Back 81

Romantic love

Front 82

What are the three aspects of love relationships?

Back 82

Intimacy, passion, and commitment

Front 83

The intensification of romantic love that can occur when couple's parents oppose relationship.

Back 83

Romeo-and-Juliet effect

Front 84

An emotional state characterized by affection for those whose lives are deeply intertwined with one's own.

Back 84

Compassionate love