Psychology

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Motivation

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To be moved to do something

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Motivated Person

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to be energized or activated towards an end

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Unmotivated Person

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to feel no impetus or inspiration to act

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Intrinsic Motivation

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doing something because it is inherently interesting or enjoyable (Ex. doing a job for the simple pride it gives you without the expectation of praise or a reward)

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Extrinsic Motivation

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doing something because it leads to a separable outcome; motivated by outside praise, money, or awards (Ex. choosing a major you don't like just because it makes more money)

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Instinct Approach

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by biologically determined, innate patterns of behavior, such as the instinct to reproduce or protect our territories (Ex. itching your mosquito bites)

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Drive-Reduction Approach

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by the desire to reduce the tensions developed by our needs, such as satisfying thirst or need to have an income; tendency to maintain homeostasis-->steady state of balance in the body in which the body functions effectively (Ex. drinking water)

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Arousal Approaches

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by the need for stimulation in our lives (Ex. sensation seekers/extreme sports athletes-- base jumping)

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Incentive Approaches

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by the desire for rewards, often for hard work (Ex. qualifying for the olympics after years of training)

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Humanistic Approaches

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1943- Maslow- studied top 1% of college student population; all people are motivated by the lowest level; satisfy needs, move onto next level; self-actualization (humanistic therapists)

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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

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Self-Actualization

Esteem

Love/Belonging

Safety

Physiological

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Emotion

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a human (and animal) response characterized by a certain physical arousal, a certain behavior that reveals the emotion to the outside world, and an inner awareness of feelings

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Cognitive Theory of Emotion

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when presented with ambiguous stimuli, we interpret in our own way leading to our own emotional experiences

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Physiology of Emotion

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arousal created by the Sympathetic NS; heart rate increases, rapid breathing, pupils dilate, mouth is dry (Fear detected by decrease in skin temp; Anger results in increase in skin temp and blood pressure)

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Behavior of Emotion

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emotional expressions via facial expressions, body movements, actions, hand gestures, running, kissing, yelling, fighting, etc. (Anger, fear, disgust, happiness, surprise, sadness, contempt- universal facial expressions associated with these feelings)

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Facial Feedback Hypothesis

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Smile--> Brain tells you that you are happy--> Feel happy (Stands true even if the original smile was fake)

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Display Rules

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learned ways of socially acceptable ways of showing emotions in social settings; vary from culture to culture (Ex. Japanese don't show emotion in public, but can show anger at home)

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Subjective Experience of Emotion

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inner awareness of feelings and how we interpret our feelings by labeling them; retrieve memories of previous similar experiences to understand what emotion we should feel--> come up with a solution (label- learned and based on language and culture) (Ex. American chooses direct feeling emotional label such as "love")

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Denial

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refusing to recognize or acknowledge a threatening solution (Ex. Ben is an alcoholic who denies being an alcoholic)

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Repression

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"pushing" treating or conflicting events or situations out of conscious memory (Ex. Elise, who was sexually abused as a child, cannot remember the abuse at all)

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Rationalization

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making up acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior (Ex. "If I don't have breakfast, I can have that piece of cake later on without hurting my diet.")

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Projection

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placing one's own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if the thoughts belonged to them and not to oneself (Ex. Keisha is attracted to her sister's husband but denies this and believes the husband is attracted to her)

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Reaction Formation

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forming an emotional reaction or attitude that is the opposite of one's threatening or unacceptable actual thoughts (Ex. Matt is unconsciously attracted to Ben but outwardly voices an extreme hatred of homosexuals)

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Displacement

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expressing feelings that would be threatening if directed at the real target onto a less threatening substitute target (Ex. Sandra get reprimanded by her boss and goes home to angrily pick a fight with her husband)

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Regression

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falling back on childlike patterns as a way of coping with stressful situations (Ex. Four-year-old Jeff starts wetting his bed after his parents bring home a new baby)

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Identification

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trying to become like someone else to deal with one's anxiety (Ex. Marie really admires Suzy, the most popular girl in school, and tries to copy her behavior and dress)

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Compensation (Substitution)

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trying to make up for areas in which a lack is perceived by becoming superior in some other area (Ex. Reggie is not good at athletics, so he puts all of his energies into becoming an academic scholar)

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Sublimation

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turning socially unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behavior (Ex. Alain, who is very aggressive, becomes a professional hockey player)

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Conscious Awareness

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thoughts and perceptions

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Preconscious Awareness

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memories and stored knowledge

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Unconscious Awareness

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fears, violent motives, unacceptable sexual desires, immoral urges, irrational wishes, selfish needs, shameful experiences

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Id

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present at birth; completely unconscious; increase pleasure and avoid pain; Pleasure Principle (Ex. Infant is hungry--> cries until it is satisfied-->child ages and learns that not all needs will be met-->ego develops)

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Ego

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(middleman between Id and Superego) develops to deal with reality; conscious, rational and logical; postpones gratification until there is an appropriate time to seek it; Reality Principle (Children age and learn that there are a lot of parental and societal demands they must follow-->age 5 or 6yrs, demands are internalized as morals-->superego develops)

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Superego

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moral center; partly conscious; moralistic component of personality; conscience

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Defense Mechanisms

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used by Ego to distort thoughts or perceptions to reduce anxiety caused when Ego cannot think of a compromise between the Id and Superego

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Oral Stage (Psychosexual)

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first year of life; mouth is erogenous zone; primary conflict: weaning; Id dominated; oral fixations when older (Ex. overeat and drink, smoke, talk too much)

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Anal Stage (Psychosexual)

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1-3 years old; anus; toilet training; Ego develops; slob or neat freak (anal retentive personality)

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Phallic Stage (Psychosexual)

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3-6 years old; discover sexual feelings; Superego develops; promiscuous and vain in adulthood (look for life partners that are much older; serve as surrogate parents)

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Oedipus Complex

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situation in Phallic stage where boy develops sexual attraction to his mother and jealousy towards father (Girl: Electra Complex)

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Latency (Psychosexual)

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school years; sexual feelings repressed during other development; focus shifted to same sex friendships, school, sports; poor social skills throughout life

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Genital (Psychosexual)

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sexual feelings reawaken with appropriate targets; inability to create normal relationships