Psychology

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posthypnotic amnesia

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Supposed inability to recall what ones experiences during hypnosis; induced by the hypnotist's suggestion

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hypnosis

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A social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

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REM rebound

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The tendancy for the REM sleep to increase following REM sleep depravation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep).

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latent content

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According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content). Freud believed that a dream's latent content functions as a safety valve.

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manifest content

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According to Freud, the remembered storyline of a dream (as distinct from its latent content).

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dream

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A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. Dreams are notable for their halucenatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's dilusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.

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night terrors

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A sleep disorder characterized by high arounsal and an appearance of being terified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.

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sleep apnea

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A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakenings.

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narcolepsy

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A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.

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insomnia

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Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.

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delta waves

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The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.

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hallucinations

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False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.

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sleep

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Periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness -- as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.

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alpha waves

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The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.

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REM sleep

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Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.

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circadian rhythm

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The biological clock; rgular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle.

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biological rhythms

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Periodic psychological fluctuations

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consciousness

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Our awareness of ourselves and our environment.

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monism

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The presumption that mind and body are different aspect of the same thing.

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dualism

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The presumption that mind and body are two distince entities that interact.

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near-death experience

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An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations.

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THC

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The major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a varieties of effects, including mild halluciations.

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LSD

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A powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylmide).

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ecstacy (MDMA)

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A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and long-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to muting cognition.

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amphetamines

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Drugs that stimulate neuro activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and modd changes.

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opiates

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Opium and its derivities, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neuro activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.

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barbiturates

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Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety byut imparing memory and judgment.

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hallucinogens

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Psychedelic ("mind-menifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absense of sensory input.

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stimulants

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Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetemines and cocaine) that excite nueral activity and speed up body functions.

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depressants

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Drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.

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psychological dependence

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A psychological need to use a drug such as to relieve negative emotions.

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physical dependence

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A physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued.

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withdrawal

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The discomfort and distress that follow using an addictive drug.

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tolerance

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The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect.

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psychoactive drug

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A chemical substance that alters perception and mood.

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hidden observer

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Hilgard's term describing a hypnotized subject's awareness of experiences, such as pain, that goes unreported during hypnosis.

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dissociation

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A split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with other.

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posthypnotic suggestion

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A suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.