Psychology

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Old Concept of Short Term Memory

Back 1

short term memory is for storing information until it becomes a long term memory

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New Concept of Short Term Memory

Back 2

information your working with at the moment, whether or not it becomes a long term memory

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Working memory

Back 3

a system for processing or working with current information

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3 components of working memory

Back 4

1. phonological loop
2. visuospatial sketchpad
3. central executive

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Phonological loop

Back 5

stores and rehearses speech information (or oral information)

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visuospatial sketchpad

Back 6

stores and manipulates visual and spatial information

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central executive

Back 7

governs the shifts of attention

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declarative memory

Back 8

a memory/recall of factual information

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procedural memory

Back 9

a memory of how to do something

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semantic memory

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memory of general principles

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episodic memory

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memory of a specific event in a persons life

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emotional arousal

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increases the vividness and intensity of a memory

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What takes place psysiologically during emotional arousal?

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Hormones are released and the amygdala enchances memory storage of emotionally charged events

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levels of processing priniple

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how easily we can achieve a memory depends on the number and types of associtions we form

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Range of Processing

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Shallow to Deep

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serial order effect

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the tendency to remember items near the beginning and the end of a list better than those in the middle

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primacy effect

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you can remember the first items well

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recency effect

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you can remember the last items well

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Why does the primacy effect occur?

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you can rehearse the first few items without proactive interference from any previous items

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Why does the recency effect occur?

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there is no retroactive interference from additional items

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retrieval cues

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associated information that might help you regain a memory at a later date

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encoding specifity principle

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the associations you form at the time of learning and will be the most effective retrieval cues

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state dependent learning

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the tendency to remember something better if your body is in the same condition during recall as it was during the orginal learning

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mnemonic devices

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any memory aid that is based on encoding each item in a special way

(kingdom phylum class order family genus species)

(king phillip can order fresh green salad)

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Three ways of normal forgetting

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1. interference
2. decay
3. inappropiate retrieval cues

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interference

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other events, either proactive, or retroactive, interfere with a specific memory

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decay

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the memory fades away

-from the short term memory is rehersal is prevented

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inappropiate retrieval cues

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you do not have access to the specific reminders that you need to access the memory

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amnesia

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severe loss or deteriortation of memory

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When does amnesia occur?

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happens as a result of brain injury or damage

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What kind of damange did Clive have to his brain?

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Hippocampal Damage

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What are the two type of amnesia?

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1. anterograde
2. retrograde

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Anterograde amnesia

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inability to store new long term memories

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Retrograde amnesia

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loss of memory or events that occured shortly before the brain damage

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What is hippocampal damage?

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The ability to store short term memories is not impacted and the procedural memory is left intact; new procedural memories can be learned

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What can frontal lobe damage result from?

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1. stroke or trauma
2. Korsakoff's syndrome

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Korsakoff's syndrome

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a condition caused by prolonged deficiency of Vitamin B1; usually from chronic alcoholism

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confabulation

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(not the same thing as a lie)

guesses made by individuals with amnesia to fill in the gaps in their memory

(frontal lobes are IMPORTANT for workng with memory)

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explicity memory

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a memory that a person can state, generally recognizing that it is the correct answer

(recall test or recognition test)

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implicit memory

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a meomory that infulences behavior requiring conscious recognition that one is using a memory
-it is not unconscious
-intentional memory not required
-it is incidental learning

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How can implicit memory be tested?

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a recall test

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Explict means...

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coming right out and saying it...

explicitly saying that you need an extra day to study for the exam

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Implicit means...

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means implying what you want to say...

thinking of what happened in your week to suggest that you need an extra day to study

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reconstruction

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putting together an account of past events, based partly on memories and exceptions of what must have happened

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Most memories before the recent past do not have the date attached to them...

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we have to reconstruct them

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hindsight bias

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the tendency to mold our recollection of the past to fit how events later turned out

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recovered memories

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reports of long lost memories promted by clinical techniques

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repression

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the process of moving a memory, motivation, and emotion from the conscious mind to the unconscious mind

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Does forgetting of traumatic events happen?

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some children from whom their is valid documentation of abuse do not remember years later

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Amnesia is not the same as repression

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Repression implies that is can still be recovered

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false memories

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a report that someone believes a memory, but that does not correspond to real events

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What is memory like?

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A computer

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sensory memory store

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very brief storage of sensory information

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short term memory

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temporay storage of information just experienced

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short term memory

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can hold 7 didgets

lasts between 2 and 30 seconds

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differences in capacity

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some people can remember only 5 and some as many as 9

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chunking

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the process of grouping digits or letters into meaningful sequences

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Reasons that short term memories decay unless...

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-they are continually rehearsed
-there is something meaningful about them that sticks

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long term memories

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a relatively permanent store of mostly meaningful information