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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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microsleeps
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brain goes into sleep mode when it's deprived of sleep, sometimes for only a few seconds or for up to a minute
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which is more effective: reinforcement or punishment
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reinforcement
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gender difference in naming center
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back of brain for men
front of brain for women |
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familial autosomnal insomnia
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genetic disorder when middle-aged people in family stop sleeping and eventually die in 1/2-3 years caused by prion
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manifest content
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the plot of a dream, the way it is remembered ex. hunter kills threatening bear in woods
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spontaneous recovery
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reoccurence of the CR following extinction
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Clive Wearing
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lost all memory and cannot form new memories
five second memory span only recognized his wife |
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Why do we dream? Hobson and McCarley: Activation Synthesis
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focuses on REM dreams, evidence: brain imaging and PGO spikes
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What does UCR stand for?
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unconditioned response
response that does not have to be learned, such as a reflex=dog salvates when sees food |
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stages 3 and 4
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delta waves, extremely hard to wake someone up from 3 and 4, deepest sleep stage
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functions of REM sleep
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1. memory consolidation: if you don't get REM sleep you will suffer logical and conceptual tasks
2. brain development: required to make connections between neurons 3. prevents comas 4. vigilance: we can monitor environment since not in such a deep sleep (alarms, crying, etc) |
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gender differences in sleep
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men sleep sounder than women
men sleep better than women |
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gender difference in corpus callosum
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larger and wider in women
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vicarious punishment
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kid's behavior is increased/decreased by watching someone else get punished/rewarded
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Peter Tripp
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late 60s, went without sleep for 10 days for a radio broadcast fundraiser
symptoms: irritable, dilusional, aggressive |
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gender difference in Hypothalamus: sexual preference
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larger in men than in women
larger in straight men than in gay men |
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stage 2
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breathing becomes more regular, less sensitive to external sounds, still theta waves, occasional bursts of activity=sleep spindles
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memory myth: memories are stored in one place
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false: different parts of memories are stored in different places in the brain, then we construct it
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memory myth: memory is like a video camera
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false: memory is not a literal record of what happened, it can be altered over time
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CR: Conditioned Response
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a response that has been learned
ex: dog salvates at sound of bell |
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latent content
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what a dream symbolizes
ex: hunter=you and bear=girlfriend |
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Tripp vs. Gardener
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Tripp drank lots of caffiene and was probably on drugs: contributed to bad symptoms
Gardener just stayed away naturally so he didn't have symptoms |
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positive/presentation punishment
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give an unpleasant stimulus
ex: squirt cat with water so won't jump on table |
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Why do we dream? Freudian Concept: Royal Road to Unconscious
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Freud believed that all dreams were supressed urges and desires that were socially unacceptable and that you expressed these urges through dreams symbollically
evidence to disprove: animals dream, people have undisguised sex in dreams, cannot be disproved |
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Functions 3 and 4 sleep
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growth hormones released: repairs muscles and helps children grow; brain temperature regulation
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Randy Gardener
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wanted to break record for going longest without sleep, showed very mild symptoms
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Explicit memory: episodic and semantic
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memory that you have conscious awareness
1. episodic: memory for one's personal past experiences Clive Wearing lost all episodic memory (except for wife) and H.M. remembered his past 2. semantic: knowledge of trivial or important facts |
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generalization
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show a similar response to stimuli that closely resembles CS
ex: sound of bell is a different pitch, dog still salvates, but father away pitch gets, less salvation |
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consequences of sleep deprivation?
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animal tests show: skeletal, develop sores, and eventually die b.c. immune system shuts down
humans: become irritable and less attentive, cannot think strategically |
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night terrors
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occurs in stages 3 and 4
common in children feels like a weight is on chest suffocating them, scream in sleep, cannot wake up |
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retrograde amnesia
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failure to remember only past memories
ONLY Clive Wearing |
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Stage 1
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light sleep, theta waves, replaying events of the day
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discrimination
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doesn't show the same response to a stimuli that is sufficiently different from CS
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positive reinforcement
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giving a person a pleasant stimulus
ex: money for good grades |
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little Albert
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rat: initially neutral
rat then paired with scary loud noise created phobia of rat CS: rat UCS: loud noise CR: fear of rat |
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sleep apnea
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occurs in 3 and 4 sleep
inability to sleep and breath seen most often in men who are overweight and snore |
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H.M. case study
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he was hit by a car and doctors thought they could remove hippocampi to make his epilepsy better
siezures improved but he couldn't form new memories remembered his past life remembered one new thing: watergate |
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minimum/maximum amount of sleep
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min: 4 hours
max: 7.5 to 8 hours |
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UCS: unconditioned stimulus
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a stimulus that elicits a response without any prior learning ex: food which leads to salvation
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Narcolepsy
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occurs in REM sleep
cataplexy: sudden total loss of muscle tone go immediately into REM sleep |
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antergrade amnesia
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failure to form new long term memories
H.M. and Clive Wearing |
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Bandura and Bobo doll experiment
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if a child saw an adult walk into a room and punch a Bobo doll they were more likely to do it
if adult did the same thing and was rewarded even more children punched Bobo doll if adult did same thing but was punished, less to none punched Bobo doll |
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CS: conditioned stimulus
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a stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place
ex: ringing the bell produced salvation after learning |
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advertising strategies
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ex: hear a song and relate it to a TV show
ex: sexy girl plus car=sells because of relationship in head between sex and car girl=UCS car=CS |
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extinction
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process of getting rid of a conditioned response
ex: present bell and don't follow with food, dog stops salvating |
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characteristics of CR
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latency: CR occurs later than UCR
amplitude: CR is smaller than UCR Form: CR can be same as UCR or opposite |
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negative reinforcement
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take away an unpleasant stimulus
ex: if you clean room you won't be grounded anymore |
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REM without Atonia
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occurs in REM sleep
act out dreams, inhibit area preventing movement is damaged |
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REM
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rapid eye movement
brain activated, beta waves, dreams, heart and respiration vary greatly |
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emotional events are remembered with exceptional accuracy
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MYTH
may be very inaccurate, just because it is vivid does not mean it is real |
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implicit memory: procedural and priming
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memory without conscious awareness of
ex: pin prick=no shake hand 1. procedural: classical conditioning (Dwight example) ex: mirror drawing task for H.M. 2. Priming: subliminal messages, give H.M. a list of words, twenty minutes later have him fill in the blanks and he would remember the words consciously |
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memories are unalterable
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MYTH
it is easy to change, distort, or to remember nonexistent things |
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SIDS
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both occur in stages 3 and 4
SIDS: children cannot transition for stages 3 and 4 to REM, very dangerous because you can go into a coma or die |
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what stages of sleep are necessary?
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REM and 3 and 4 sleep
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negative/removal punishment
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take away a pleasant or valuable stimulus
ex: bad grades=no car |
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fearless peer technique
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watching someone else interact with the feared object--you see nothing is wrong...phobia treatment
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sleepwalking/talking
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occurs in stages 3 and 4
more in boys than in girls can be triggered by stress, alcohol use, caffeine, sleep deprivation |
