Psychology

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Semantic Encoding

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the process of relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in memory

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Visual Imagery Encoding

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the process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures

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Organizational Encoding

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the process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items

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Sensory Memory

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a type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less

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Iconic Memory

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a fast-decaying store of visual information

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Echoic Memory

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a fast-decaying store of auditory information

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Short - term memory

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holds nonsensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute

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Rehearsal

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the process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it

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Chunking

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combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short-term memory

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working memory

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active maintenance of information in short-term storage

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long-term memory

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a type of storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years

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anterograde amnesia

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the inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store

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retrograde amnesia

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the inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or surgery

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consolidation

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the process by which memories become stable in the brain

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reconsolidation

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memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, thus requiring them to be consolidated again

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long-term potentiation (LTP)

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a process whereby communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier

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retrieval cue

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external information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind

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encoding specificity principle

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a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially encoded

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state-dependent retrieval

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the tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval

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transfer-appropriate processing

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the idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding and retrieval contexts of the situations match

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retrieval-induced forgetting

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a process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items

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Explicit Memory

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when people consciously or intentionally retrieve past experiences

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Implicit Memory

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past experiences influence later behavior and performance even without an effort to remember them or an awareness of the recollection

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Procedural Memory

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the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or "knowing how" to do things

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Priming

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an enhanced ability to think of a stimulus such as a word or object as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus

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Semantic memory

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a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

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episodic memory

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the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

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Transience

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forgetting what occurs with the passage of time

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Retroactive Interference

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situations in which later learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier

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Proactive interference

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situations in which earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later

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Absentmindedness

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a lapse in attention that results in memory failure

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prospective memory

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remembering to do things in the future

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blocking

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a failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it

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memory misattribution

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assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source

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source memory

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recall of when, where, and how information was acquired

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false recognition

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a feeling of familiarity about something that hasn't been encountered before

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suggestibility

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the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections

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bias

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the distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences

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Persistence

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the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget

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flashbulb memories

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detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events