Psychology

Front 1

a person's awareness of everything that is going on around him/her at any given moment

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consciousness

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state in which thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear, organized, and the person feels alert

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waking consciousness

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state in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compare to waking consciousness

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altered state of consciousness

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a cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a 24 hour period

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circadian rhythm

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"circa"

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about

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"diem"

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day

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brief sidesteps into sleep lasting only a few seconds

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microsleeps

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any significant loss of sleep, resulting in problems in concentration and irritability

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sleep deprivation

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theory of sleep proposing that animals and humans evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active

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adaptive theory

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theory of sleep proposing that sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body and serves to replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage

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restorative theory

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allows scientists to see the brain wave activity as a person passes through the various stages of sleep and to determine what type of sleep the person has entered

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electroencephalograph (EEG)

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brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep

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alpha waves

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brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep

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theta waves

Front 14

long, slow waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep

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delta waves

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stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids and the person is typically experiencing a dream

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rapid eye movement (REM)

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light sleep, theta waves

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non-REM stage one

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sleep spindles (brief bursts of activity only lasting a second or two)

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non-REM stage two

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delta waves pronounced

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non-REM stages three and four

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when 50%+ of waves are delta waves

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deep sleep

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vivid visual events

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hypnogogic images

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body jerks

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hypnic jerk

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occuring during deep sleep, an episode of moving around or walking around in one's sleep

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sleepwalking (somnambulism)

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relatively rare disorder in which the person experiences extreme fear and screams or runs around during deep sleep without waking fully

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night terrors

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paradoxical sleep (high level of brain activity)

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REM sleep

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if wakened during REM sleep, almost always report having ________

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a dream

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increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights

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REM rebound

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bad dreams occuring during REM sleep

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nightmares

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a rare disorder in which the mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles fails, allowing the person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares

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REM behavior disorder

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the inability to get sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep

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insomnia

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disorder in which a person stops breathing for nearly half a minute or more

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sleep apnea

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a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning

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narcolepsy

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sudden loss of muscle tone

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cataplexy

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_______ thought that dreams were wish fulfillments

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freud

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the actual dream itself

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manifest content

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the true, hidden meaning of a dream

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latent content

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dreams are created by the higher centers of the cortex to explain the activation by the brain stem of cortical cells during REM sleep periods

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activation-synthesis hypothesis

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revised version of the activation-synthesis-information that is accessed during waking hours can have an influence on the synthesis of dreams

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activation-information-mode model (AIM)

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state of consciousness in which the person in especially succeptible to suggestion

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hypnosis

Front 39

drugs that alter thinking, perception, and memory

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psychoactive drugs

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more and more of the drug is needed to achieve the same effect

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tolerance

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physical symptoms that include nausea, pain, tremors, crankiness, and high blood pressure; resulting from lack of an addictive drug in the body system

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withdrawal

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the feeling that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being

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psychological dependence

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two basic ways drugs effect neurotransmitters

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agonist
antagonist

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mimic or enhance the action of neurotransmitters

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agonists

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reduce the actions of neurotransmitters

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antagonists

Front 46

drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system

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stimulants

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natural drug; produces euphoria, energy, power, and pleasure

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cocaine

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active ingredient in tobacco

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nicotine

Front 49

the stimulant found in coffee, tea, most sodas, chocolate, and even many over-the-counter drugs.

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caffeine

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drugs that decrease the functioning of the nervous system

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depressants

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depressant drugs that have a sedative effect

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barbituates

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drugs that lower anxiety and reduce stress

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benzodiazepines

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the chemical resulting from fermentation or distillation of various kinds of vegetable matter

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alcohol

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a class of opium-related drugs that suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous systems natural receptor sites for endorphins

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narcotics

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substance deprived from the opium poppy from which all narcotic drugs are derived

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opium

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narcotic drug derived from opium, used to treat severe pain

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morphine

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narcotic drug derived from opium that is severely addictive

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heroin

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drugs including hallucinogens and marijuana that produce hallucinogens or increased feelings of relaxation and intoxication

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psychogenic drugs

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drugs that cause false sensory messages, altering the perception of reality

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hallucinogens

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powerful synthetic hallucinogen

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LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)

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synthesized druh now used as an animal tranquilizer that can cause stimulant, depressant, narcotic, or hallucinogenic effects

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PCP

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designer drug that can have both stimulant and hallucinatory effects

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MDMA (ecstacy or x)

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mild hallucinogen derived from the leaves and flowers of a particaular type of hemp plant

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marijuana