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41 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is a laboratory study?
An experiment that is carried out in a controlled, artificial environment where the IV is manipulated.
Where is a lab?
Anywhere, from a psychology department to a hotel room.
What are the advantages of a lab study?
-Control (reduce extraneous variables so they can be sure the IV has affectes the DV.
-Standardised procedures (identical experiences which increases consistency.)
What are disadvantages of a lab study?
-Artificial (lacks ecological validity)
-Biases (demand characteristics and investigator effects.)
What is a field study?
In a field study, the psychologist still manipulates the IV but in a more natural setting. (Participant is unaware.)
What are advantages of a field study?
-Natural (ecological validity)
-Demand characteristics should be reduced.
What are disadvantages of a field study?
-Less control of extraneous variables (the IV may not be affecting the DV)
-Time consuming and expensive (something may go wrong, limited budget.)
What is a natural study?
Psychologist does not manipulate the IV. Takes advantage of natural occurrences.
What are the advantages of a natural study?
-Ecological validity (studies can be generalised)
-Few demand characteristics and investigator effects.
What are the disadvantages of a natural study?
-Extraneous variables will exist.
-Occur rarely (Impossible to replicate.)
What is correlation?
A technique that shows whether or not two variables are associated.
What is a +ve correlation?
One variable increasing, increases the other variable.
What is a -ve correlation?
One variable increasing, decreases the other variable.
What is a zero correlation?
When the variables are not related at all.
What are the advantages of a correlational analysis?
-An easy measure
-Lead to further research.
What are the disadvantages of a correlational analysis?
-Not possible to draw conclusions about cause and effect. (May be an extraneous variable or occured by chance.)
-A coefficient close to 0 may look there is no relationship. (curvilinear)
What are the advs of observational techniques?
-Natural setting (high ecological validity)
-Used when other methods would not be possible
-Few demand characteristics
What are disadvs of observational techniques?
-Obsever bias
-Not controlled (Extraneous variables)
-Time consuming and expensive
What are questionnaires?
A list of pre written questions.
What are 3 advs of questionnaires?
-Cheap and efficient
-Large amounts of info from a large sampling.
-Anonymity- express selves fully.
What are 3 disadvs of questionnaires?
-Not returned
-Untruthful
-Ambiguous questions will lead to misinterpretation.
What are 2 advs of an interview?
-Qualitative data -rich, varied and realistic
-Clarification
What are 2 disadvs of an interview?
-Not all would be willing (sample would not be varied.)
-People may not feel relaxed (investigator effect)
-Observer bias
What is a case study?
A careful and systematic investigation or a single!! individual, e.g. rare or typical to apply to the population
What are 2 advs or a case study?
-Lots of detail
-Data is pooled for insights in similarities + differences
What are 3 disadvs of a case study?
-Low population validity
- Retrospective data may not be accurate
-Time consuming and a relationship could form
What is an aim?
An aim is a general statement about the purpose of the investigation.
What is a hypothesis?
A precise, testable statement about the expected outcome of an investigation.
Directional hypothesis?
States that the researchers expect the results to go a certain way
Non-directional?
Simply states that there will be a relationship
Which is better, directional or non directional?
It depends! a researcher is more likely to choose a non directional hypothesis if they're not sure.
Why would a psychologist choose a directional hypothesis?
If they're proven to be significant then the research is highly regarded more than a non directional.
What is repeated measures design?
ALL participants take place in ALL the conditions. Each participant acts as their own control.
What are two advs of repeated measures design?
- No need to take individual differences into consideration.
- Sample is smaller (Less time in recruitment)
What are 4 disadvs or repeated measures design?
-Order effects (practice effects + fatigue effects)
-Twice as long
-Demand characteristics
-Stimulus material cannot be used twice (extraneous variables may result)
What are independent groups design?
Participants are randomly put into separate groups, one for each experimental condition.
What are 3 advs of independent groups design?
-No order effects
- Reduced demand characteristics
-Twice as fast
What are 3 disadvs of independent groups design?
-Not comparing like with like
-Cannot guarantee the two groups are similar
-Sample size is double
What is matched pairs design?
Members of both groups are matched in some ways so their individual differences do not confound the results.
What are 3 advs of matched pairs results?
-Fewer confounding results
-No order effects
-Reduced demand characteristics
What are 2 disadvs of matched pairs designs?
-It can be difficult matching people, time consuming and not full proof
-Large pool of participants