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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is a laboratory study?
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An experiment that is carried out in a controlled, artificial environment where the IV is manipulated.
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Where is a lab?
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Anywhere, from a psychology department to a hotel room.
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What are the advantages of a lab study?
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-Control (reduce extraneous variables so they can be sure the IV has affectes the DV.
-Standardised procedures (identical experiences which increases consistency.) |
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What are disadvantages of a lab study?
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-Artificial (lacks ecological validity)
-Biases (demand characteristics and investigator effects.) |
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What is a field study?
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In a field study, the psychologist still manipulates the IV but in a more natural setting. (Participant is unaware.)
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What are advantages of a field study?
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-Natural (ecological validity)
-Demand characteristics should be reduced. |
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What are disadvantages of a field study?
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-Less control of extraneous variables (the IV may not be affecting the DV)
-Time consuming and expensive (something may go wrong, limited budget.) |
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What is a natural study?
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Psychologist does not manipulate the IV. Takes advantage of natural occurrences.
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What are the advantages of a natural study?
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-Ecological validity (studies can be generalised)
-Few demand characteristics and investigator effects. |
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What are the disadvantages of a natural study?
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-Extraneous variables will exist.
-Occur rarely (Impossible to replicate.) |
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What is correlation?
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A technique that shows whether or not two variables are associated.
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What is a +ve correlation?
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One variable increasing, increases the other variable.
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What is a -ve correlation?
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One variable increasing, decreases the other variable.
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What is a zero correlation?
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When the variables are not related at all.
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What are the advantages of a correlational analysis?
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-An easy measure
-Lead to further research. |
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What are the disadvantages of a correlational analysis?
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-Not possible to draw conclusions about cause and effect. (May be an extraneous variable or occured by chance.)
-A coefficient close to 0 may look there is no relationship. (curvilinear) |
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What are the advs of observational techniques?
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-Natural setting (high ecological validity)
-Used when other methods would not be possible -Few demand characteristics |
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What are disadvs of observational techniques?
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-Obsever bias
-Not controlled (Extraneous variables) -Time consuming and expensive |
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What are questionnaires?
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A list of pre written questions.
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What are 3 advs of questionnaires?
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-Cheap and efficient
-Large amounts of info from a large sampling. -Anonymity- express selves fully. |
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What are 3 disadvs of questionnaires?
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-Not returned
-Untruthful -Ambiguous questions will lead to misinterpretation. |
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What are 2 advs of an interview?
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-Qualitative data -rich, varied and realistic
-Clarification |
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What are 2 disadvs of an interview?
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-Not all would be willing (sample would not be varied.)
-People may not feel relaxed (investigator effect) -Observer bias |
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What is a case study?
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A careful and systematic investigation or a single!! individual, e.g. rare or typical to apply to the population
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What are 2 advs or a case study?
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-Lots of detail
-Data is pooled for insights in similarities + differences |
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What are 3 disadvs of a case study?
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-Low population validity
- Retrospective data may not be accurate -Time consuming and a relationship could form |
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What is an aim?
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An aim is a general statement about the purpose of the investigation.
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What is a hypothesis?
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A precise, testable statement about the expected outcome of an investigation.
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Directional hypothesis?
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States that the researchers expect the results to go a certain way
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Non-directional?
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Simply states that there will be a relationship
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Which is better, directional or non directional?
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It depends! a researcher is more likely to choose a non directional hypothesis if they're not sure.
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Why would a psychologist choose a directional hypothesis?
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If they're proven to be significant then the research is highly regarded more than a non directional.
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What is repeated measures design?
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ALL participants take place in ALL the conditions. Each participant acts as their own control.
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What are two advs of repeated measures design?
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- No need to take individual differences into consideration.
- Sample is smaller (Less time in recruitment) |
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What are 4 disadvs or repeated measures design?
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-Order effects (practice effects + fatigue effects)
-Twice as long -Demand characteristics -Stimulus material cannot be used twice (extraneous variables may result) |
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What are independent groups design?
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Participants are randomly put into separate groups, one for each experimental condition.
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What are 3 advs of independent groups design?
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-No order effects
- Reduced demand characteristics -Twice as fast |
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What are 3 disadvs of independent groups design?
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-Not comparing like with like
-Cannot guarantee the two groups are similar -Sample size is double |
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What is matched pairs design?
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Members of both groups are matched in some ways so their individual differences do not confound the results.
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What are 3 advs of matched pairs results?
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-Fewer confounding results
-No order effects -Reduced demand characteristics |
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What are 2 disadvs of matched pairs designs?
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-It can be difficult matching people, time consuming and not full proof
-Large pool of participants |