Psychology

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the scientific study of behavior

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psychology

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An approach to psychology that focuses on the organization of perception and thinking in a "whole" sense rather than on the individual elements of perception

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Gestalt psychology

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The approach that views behavior from the perspective of the brain, the nervous system, and other biological functions.

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Neuroscience perspective

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The approach based on the belief that behavior is motivated by uncounsious inner forces over which the individual has little control.

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Psychodynamic perspective

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The approach that suggests that observable behavior should be the focus of study.

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Behavioral perspective

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The approach that focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world.

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Cognitive perspective

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The aproach that suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior

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Humanistic perspective

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The approach through which psychologists systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest

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Scientific Methos

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A prediction, stemming, from a theory, stated in a way that allows it to be tested

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Hypothesis

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Behaviors, events, or other characteristics that can change, or vary, in some way.

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Variable

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Research in which the relationship between two sets of variables is examined to determine whether they are associated, or "correlated."

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Correlational Research

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the investigation of the relationship between two (or more) variables by deliberately producing a change in one variable in a situation and observing the effects of that change on other aspects of the situation.

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Experiment

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Any group participating in an experiment that receives a treatment

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Experimental group

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The variable that is manipulated by an experimenter

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Independent Variable

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The variable that is measured and is expected to change as a result of changes caused by the experimenter's manipulation of the independent variable

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Dependent Variable

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A document signed by participants affirming that they have been told the basic outlines of the study and are aware of what their participation will involve.

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Informed Consent

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Factors that distort how the independent variable affects the dependent variable in an experiment.

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Experimetal bias

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A false treatment, such as a pill, "drug," or other substance, without any sigificantchamical properties or active ingredient

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Placebo

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Nerve cells, the basic elements of the nervous system

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Neurons

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A cluster of fibers at one end or a neuron that receive messages from other neurons.

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Dendrites

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The part of the neuron that carries messages destined for other neurons.

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Axon

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Small bulges at the end of axons that send messages to other neurons

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Terminal buttons

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A protective coat of fat and protein that wraps around the axon.

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Myelin Sheath

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The space between two neurons where the axon of the sending neuron communicates with the dendrites of a receiving neurons by using chemical messages

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Synapse

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Chemicals that carry messages across the synapse to dendrite(and sometimes the cell body) of a receiver neuron

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Neurotransmitters

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The part of the nervous system that includes the brain and the spinal cord

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Central Nervous system

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A bundle of nerves that leaves the brain and runs down the length of the back and is the main means for transmitting messages between the brain and the body

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Spinal Cord

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Automatic, involuntary responses to incoming stimuli

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Reflexes

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Neurons that transmit information from the perimiter of the body to the central nervous system

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Sensory(afferent)neurons

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Neurons that communicate information from the nervous system to muscles and glands of the body

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Motor(efferent)nerurons

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The part of the nervous system that includes the automatic and somatic subdivisions;made up of long axons and dendrites,it branches out from the spinal cord and brain and reaches the extremities of the body

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Peripheral Nervous System

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The part of the peripheral nervous syetm that specializes in the control of voluntary movements and the communication of information to and from the sense organs

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Somatic Divisions

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The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary movement(the actions of the heart,glands,lungs,and other organs)

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Autonomic division

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The part of the autonomic division of the nervous system that acts to prepare the body in stressful emergency situations, engaging all the organism's resources to respond to a threat

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Sympathetic Division

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The part of the autonomic division of the nervous system that acts to calm the body after an emergency situation has been resolved

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Parasympathetic

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A chemical communication network that send messages throughout the body via the bloodstream

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Endorcrine System

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Chemicals that circulate through the blood and affect the functioning or growth of other parts of the body

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Hormones

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The "master gland," the major component of the endocrine system, which secretes hormones that control growth

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Pituitary Gland

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The "old brain," which controls basic functions such as eating and sleeping

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Central Core

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The part of the brain that controls bodily balance

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Cerebellum

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The part of the brain located outside the "new brain" that controls eating, aggression, and reproduction

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Limbic System

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The "new brain," responsible for the most sophisticated information processing in the brain;contains the lobes

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Cerebral Cortex

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The four major sections of the cerebral cortex, frontal, parietel, temporalm and occipital

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Lobes

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The part of the cortex that is largely responsible for the body's voluntary movement

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Motor Area

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The site in the brain of the tissue that corresponds to each of the senses, with the degree of sensitivity relating to the amount of tissue

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Sensory area