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134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the two fields that psychology comes from?
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1. philosophy
2. biology |
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what is psychology?
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the science of behavior and mental processes
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what are psychology's 3 big issues?
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1. stability-change
2. rationality-irrationality 3. nature-nurture |
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who is the founder of psychology?
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wilhem wundt
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what is structuralism? and who came up with it?
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you break the mind down into elemental parts. wilhem wundt
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what is functionalism? and who came up with it?
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1st american school of thought. james.
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what is behaviorism?
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study observable behavior
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what did we learn from the clever hans story?
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1. gullability and skepticism
2. need for careful observation and controlled conditions 3. observer-expectancy effects can hurt research |
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what is a theory?
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interconnected set of ideas that organizes/links oberervations and predicts behavior/events
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what's a theory?
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puts a theory to the testt
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what is nature vs. nurture?
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controversey over genes vs. experiences that lead to the development of psychological traits and behaviors
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what is a psychologist?
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studies behaviors and mental processes of a person
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what is a psychiatrist?
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can do what a psychologist does but is also a medical doctor that can prescribe drugs
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what are the 7 perspectives in psychology?
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neuroscience, evolutionary, behavior genetics, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and social-cultural
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what is a hypothesis?
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a testable prediction, often implied by a theory
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what are the 3 parts of the scientific method?
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1. making observations
2. forming theories 3. refining theories |
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what is a replication study?
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being able to repeat a study usually with different participants in different situations to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances
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what is operational definition?
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a statement of the procedures used to define research variables
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what is a correlelation
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a measure of the extent to which 2 factors vary together, and thus of how well either factors predicts the other
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what does a positive correlation look like and what's the number associated with it?
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| / | / |/____ (+1.00) |
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what does no correlation look like and that's the number associated with it??
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| . .
| . . . |. .. . |___.__. (0.00) |
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what does a negative correlation look like and what's the number associated with it?
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| \ | \ |___\___ (-1.00) |
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in a correlation, what reflects magnitude?
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the number
ex: r = + 0.37 ^ | |
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in a correlation, what reflects direction?
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the + or -
ex: r = +0.37 ^ | |
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what's an illusory correlation? what's an example?
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the perception of a relationship where none exists
ex: more babies are born when the moon is full |
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what is an experiment?
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a research method in which an investigator maninpulates 1+ factor(s) to observe the effect on behavior
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what are the 3 requirements of an experiment?
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1. random assignment
2. include a control group 3. manipulate (vary) the IV |
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what is random assignment?
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each person has an equal chance of being in the experimental or control groups
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what is representative sampling(surveys)?
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subjects in a study are typical of a larger population
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why are representative samplings(surveys) important?
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because memorable cases one finds at extremes are rare, you need to have a variety
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what are the 3 parts of the scientific method?
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1. making observations
2. forming theories 3. refining theories |
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what is a replication study?
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being able to repeat a study usually with different participants in different situations to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances
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what is operational definition?
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a statement of the procedures used to define research variables
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what is a correlelation
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a measure of the extent to which 2 factors vary together, and thus of how well either factors predicts the other
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what does a positive correlation look like and what's the number associated with it?
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| /
| / | / |/____ (+1.00) |
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what does no correlation look like and that's the number associated with it??
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| . .
| . . . |. .. . |___.__. (0.00) |
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what does a negative correlation look like and what's the number associated with it?
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| \ | \ |___\___ (-1.00) |
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in a correlation, what reflects magnitude?
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the number
ex: r = + 0.37 ^ | |
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in a correlation, what reflects direction?
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the + or -
ex: r = +0.37 ^ | |
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what's an illusory correlation? what's an example?
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the perception of a relationship where none exists
ex: more babies are born when the moon is full |
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what is an experiment?
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a research method in which an investigator maninpulates 1+ factor(s) to observe the effect on behavior
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what are the 3 requirements of an experiment?
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1. random assignment
2. include a control group 3. manipulate (vary) the IV |
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what is random assignment?
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each person has an equal chance of being in the experimental or control groups
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what is representative sampling(surveys)?
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subjects in a study are typical of a larger population
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why are representative samplings(surveys) important?
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because memorable cases one finds at extremes are rare, you need to have a variety
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what are experimental conditions?
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conditions that expose the participants to the IV
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what are control conditions?
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condition that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment
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what is an independent variable?
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experimental factor that's manipulated
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what is the depentdnt variable?
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the outcome factor...changes in response to IV
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what is a double-blind procedure?
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both the research participant and the researcher are ignorant about whether the research participants recieved the treatment or a placebo.
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what is observer expectancy?
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when the researcher expects certain results
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what is the mean?
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average
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what is the median?
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the middle score (1/2 below and 1/2 above)
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what is the mode?
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most frequently occuring scores
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how is the mean affected by extreme scores?
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if there are outliers, it won't be accurate
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what's the range?
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the difference between the highest and lowest scores
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what are the 7 parts of a neuron?
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dendrites, ason, myelin sheath, cell body, synapses, neurotransmitters, and axon terminals
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what is threshold?
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level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
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what is excitatory signal?
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accelerating
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what is inhibitory signal?
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braking
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how is action potential like dominoes falling?
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the depolarization of an axon causes the axon's next channel to open, like dominoes falling, each one tipping the next
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what do agonists do?
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mimic particular neurotransmitters and their effects (excite)
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what to antagonists do?
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block effects of neurotransmitters
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what does morphine do?
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mimics endorphins (agonists)
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what are the parts of the CNS?
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brain and spinal cord
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what are the parts of the PNS?
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nerves that link CNS w/ sense receptors, muscles, and glands
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the spinal cord is an info highway connecting the brain to what?
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PNS
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what illustrates the spinal cord's work (reflexes)?
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neural pathways
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info travels to and from the brain by way of what?
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spinal cord
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is the spinal cord was cut, what would happen?
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wouldn't feel pain or pleasure
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what are the two types of PNS movements?
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1. skeletal (voluntary movements)
2. autonomic (controls glands/visceral muscles) |
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what is the sympathetic system?
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if something alarms/enrages/challenges you, it will accelerate your heartbeat etc. making you alert and ready for action (arousal)
**fight or flight** |
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what is the parasympathetic system?
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conserves energy by decreasing heartbeat etc. and calms you down
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what two systems work together to keep us in a steady internal state?
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sympathetic & parasympathetic
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what do sensory neurons do?
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carry info from sensory organs to CNS
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what are interneurons?
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CNS neurons that communicate between the sensory inputs and motor outputs
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what do motor neurons do?
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carry info from CNS to muscles/glands
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what does the endocrine system consist of?
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1. glands that secrete hormones
2. hormones that travel thru bloodstream |
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hormones travel longer distances...which means they're....
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1. slower acting
2. longer lasting |
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what are the 7 glands?
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hypothalamus, thyroid, pituitary, parathyroids, adrenal, pancreas, ovary/teste
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what does the limbic system do?
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regulates basic drives and emotions
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what are the 3 parts of the limbic system?
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1. hippocampus
2. amygdala 3. hypothalamus |
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what is the hippocampus involved with?
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memory
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what is the amygdala involved with?
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emotion
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what is the hypothalamus involved with?
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regulates drives, temp, and hormone levels
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what is the cerebral cortex?
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the fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres: the body's ultimate control and info-processing center
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what are the lobes involved in the cerebral cortex?
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frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal
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what does the frontal lobe control and where is it located?
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speaking, muscle movements, making plans & judgments
*behind forehead* |
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what is the parietal lobe and where is it located?
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sensory input for touch and body position
*top/rear* |
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what is the occipital lobe and where is it located?
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visual area (recieves info from opposite visual field)
*back* |
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what is the temporal lobe and where is it located?
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auditory (recieves info from opposite ear)
*sides* |
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what are the three association areas?
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motor cortex, sensory cortex, and visual & auditory cortex
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what do association areas do?
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integrate info
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what does the motor cortex control?
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voluntary movements
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what does the sensory cortex do?
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registers/processes body touch & movement sensations
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what does the visual & auditory cortex do?
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occipital lobes recieve input from eyes. auditory recieves info from ears
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where is language stored?
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broca's area
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what results would you see if broca's area was damaged?
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a person would struggle to speak words while still being able to sing familiar songs and comprehend speech
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what is the corpus callosum?
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band of axon fibers connecting hemispheres
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what is split brain research?
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designed for epilepsy research...it cuts the corpus callousum
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what are the 5 ways to study brain functioning?
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case studies, PET scan, CT, MRI, EEG
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what are case studies?
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observations in which one person is studied in depth in hopes of revealing universal principles
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what is a PET scan?
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detects where glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
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what is a CT?
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a 3-D image of the brain
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what is a MRI?
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magnetic fields and radio waves produce images that distinguish different types of soft tissue
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what is evolutionary psychology?
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study of human behavior
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what is behavior genetics?
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study individual differences in behavior
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what are chromosomes?
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rod-shaped structures that contain genetic material; found in the nucleus of every cell (46)
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what is DNA?
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makes up genes, carries biochemical instructions that tell cells how to make proteins that carry out body functions
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what are genes?
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segments of DNA chromosomes that contain codes for producing proteins
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what is dominant inheritance?
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recieve genes for contradictory traits
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what is recessive inheritance?
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homozygous trait (recieves 2 of the same recessive genes for that trait)
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what is heritability?
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variation in a trait attributed to genes
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what is a shared environment?
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common experiences (divorce, vacations, house, school)
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what is a non-shared environment?
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unique experiences (friends, injuries, jobs)
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what is a passive environment?
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parents are genetically related to child provide environment
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what is evocative environment?
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child's genotype elicits certain environmental stimulation
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what is active environment?
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niche-picking (seeking out environments that are compatable to your disposition)
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what are identical twins?
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monozygotic (MZ) 100%
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what are fraternal twins?
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dizygotic (DZ) 50%
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what do adoption studies determine?
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they compare traits of adopted child with traits of adopted vs. biological parents
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what determines your ability to feel the wind blow against your skin?
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sensory cortex
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what determines the ability to make a good decision after reviewing evidence?
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frontal lobe
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what determines the ability to breathe or have a heartbeat?
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medulla
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the left hemisphere is important for:
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communication, controlling movements, calculations, present and past, pattern perception
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the right hemisphere is important for:
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recieving and analyzing information, help understand what we see and hear, brain waves, bloodflow, glucose consumption, present and future, spatial perception
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what are neurons?
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nerve cells, building blocks of CNS
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what are dendrites?
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recieve info; attached to body cell (receptor sites located here)
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what are axons?
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passes info to other neurons (electrical impulse)
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what are axon terminals?
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swellings at branch ends (vesicles with NTS)
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what are myelin sheaths?
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layer of fatty cells; insulate/cover axons
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explain neuron firing:
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1. a neuron fires
2. axons open gates 3. Na+ ions flood thru membrane 4. depolarizes that part of axon causing next axon to open 5. domino effect |
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what is the refractory period?
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neuron pumps positive ions back out and resets itself
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what determines intensity of neuron firing
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1. # of neurons that fire
2. # action potentials per second |
