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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ethical guidelines for humans |
Deception, right to witdraw, debriefing, consent, confidentiality, protection from harm, competence |
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Ethical guidelines for animals |
License, endangered, protection from harm, small number of animals, housing, euthanasia, high quality suppliers, natural conditions |
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Bateson's decision cube |
Benifits outweigh the suffering |
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Strengths of using animals |
-Nervous systems are similar to humans -Can be used for studies that are unethical for humans -studies into classical and operant conditioning has had benefits -animals are easy to control and are quick breeders |
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weaknesses of using animals |
-Harlow and harlow caused harm to the monkeys -they cannot be generalized to humans animals can't communicate how they feel so they may be suffering -lab studies lack ecological validity |
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Caster et al |
prenatal brain damage, schizophrenia, 2 groups, 70-80 day gestation, 33-40 days, 8, damage caused by x-rays,3-6x with 100 rads, 4x with 50 rads, aged matched control group, cognitive tests at 6-18 months, 3-7 years, after puberty monkeys were affected |
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Harlow + Harlow |
rhesus monkeys, wire mother with bottle, towelling with no bottle,infant monkeys raised in isolation died of behaved abnormally, monkeys spent more time with cloth mother,cloth mother reduced fear (safe base) |
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Lab experiment example |
Loftus and Palmer |
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Field experiment example |
Godden and Baddeley |
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Natural experiment example |
Charlton et al |
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learning example |
Ainsworth |
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Social example |
copson (offender profiling) |
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Social and psychodynamic example |
Brown et al |
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Content analysis example |
Cumberbatch and Gauntlett |
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Correlations example |
Madon et al |
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Case studies example |
Genie |
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Content Analysis |
Analysed from media sources, looks for themes, categories of behaviours, tallied to see how often they appear, turns qualitative data into quantitative, secondary data |
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Cumberbatch + Gauntlett |
10-15yr, 10 programmes most watched by age group, 3 months, 256 programmes, 70% soaps, beofre 9pm, alcohol 12 incidences per hour, smoking 3.4, drugs half that, 6% on alcohol were negative, no positive messages on drugs, smoking neutral 91% |
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Social approaches explanation of behaviour |
Behaviour, obedience, prejudice, agency theory, charismatic leadership, Social interaction theory, realistic conflict theory |
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Cognitive approach's explanation of behaviour |
Memory, forgetting, thought patterns, perception, lop, msm, reconstructive memory, cue dependency, repression |
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Biological approach's explanation of forgetting |
Nature, autism, gender, aggression, genes, brain structure, hormones, neurotransmitters |
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Learning approach's explanation of behaviour |
nurture, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, SLT, systematic desensitisation |
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Psychodynamic approach's explanation for behaviour |
subconscious, childhood is reflected in adulthood, model of personality e.g. super ego, psychosexual stages, defense mechanisms, iceburg analogy |
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reasons why we use a chi square test |
-Differences -independent groups -nomminal |
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Reasons why we use a spearmans rank test |
-Relationship -repeated measures -ordinal |
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reasons why we use a mann whitney u test |
-difference -independent groups -ratio data |
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is psychology a science? |
Isolates variables, strict controls, cause and effect, hypothesis, operationalised, quantitative data, nomothetic- general laws of behaviour, reductionism- reduced to more simpler terms, falsifiability- tried to prove things wrong |
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Holism + freewill |
not a science as we should not look at behaviour in parts but as a whole, behaviour is down to many things |
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psychology is not a science |
-use methods open to interpretation -no testable hypothesis is case studies -psychodynamic is shifty |
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Kuhn |
-A science needs one way of researching something (one paradigm) -psychology doesn't have this because different methods can be called a science and some cannot -psychology can be classed as a prescience |
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Nature |
-Genes -scientific evidence- measurable, credability -dopamine hypothesis -cause and effect |
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Gender |
-operant conditioning -skinners rats -environmental breeder -individual differences |
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Ways to study nature/nurture |
-Twin studies -cross cultural methods -adoption studies |
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Ethnocentrism |
-focus on ones own culture -view the world through our own frame of reference and schemas -social constructs |
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Classical conditioning- Aversion Therapy as a form of social control |
-pairs a previously desired stimulus with an undesired one e.g. antabuse -eventually the desired stimulus will make the person feel ill -produces unpleasant UCR to stop habits, made to use this therapy, behaviours society disproves of, used on homosexuals |
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Classical conditioning- systematic desensitization as a form of social control
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-movement from weak stimulus to strong stimulus to cure a phobia -anxiety hierarchy -learn to relax muscles -step by step process |
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operant conditioning- token economy as a form of social control |
-controls behaviour of criminals and youths in a school setting -stops anti social behaviour -develops moral, general behaviour |
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Drug therapy as a form of social control |
-helps people back into the community -helps those with mental illnesses -controls behaviours to fit in with society |
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Role of practitioner in social control |
Expert, reward, legitimate, coercive, referent |
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Psychotherapy as a form of social control |
-helps discovers reasons for mental illnesses -helps them back into the comunity |
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Social approach contributions to society |
-helped us understand prejudice -allows us to prevent prejudice -society more capable of working together -led to a change in military training -led to the changed on the treatment in prisoners |
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Cognitive approaches contributions to society |
-helped us understand the flaws of witnesses -led to changed in interviews to assist police -helps us understand memory processes -helps us understand the flaws of reconstruction -allows us to understand brain damaged patients -helps revision techniques |
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How the biological approach contributes to society |
-helps us understand biological differences between males and females -helped develop objective and scientific methods -helped treat mentally ill patients -allowed us to understand transgender people |
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Learning approaches contributions to society |
-strong development in non biological therapies -treat phobias and depression -helps people live in society and function normally -helped society become more controlled e.g. token economy -helped prison life become more harmonious |
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Psychodynamic approach's contributions to society |
-offers an alternative to biological therapies -explains how we develop gender -helps us understand the importance of childhood -understand the importance of parental relationships -understand the unconscious mind |
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child psychology contributes to society |
-changed hospital practices so attachments are not damaged by separations -increased awareness of quality of care of children -helped us understand autism -had led to improvements in maternity leave |
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criminal contributes to society |
-helped us understand eyewitness testimonies -led to cognitive interview as others were flawed -cognitive is more objective -helped police catch criminals -helps us understand why people commit crimes -helps society prevent recidivism |
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Clinical contributes to society |
-helps us understand and treat mental illness -development to biological and non-biological treatments -helps us understand nature/nurture causes of illnesses -helps people get back into society |
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Lee |
Korea- correctly diagnosed children with ADHD, not as good for girls |
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Koro |
genitals retracting in asia |
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Kuro |
Papua new guinea schizophrenia, psychical not mental |
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Cinnerella + Loruenthal |
Ethnic group and religious faith had a monumental effect on perceptions |
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Malgady |
Costa Rican culture hearing voices is interpreted as spirits |
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Statistical abnormality |
A persons trait or behaviour is rare and unusual e.g. high IQ 130 |
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Social norms abnormality |
Violates the unwritten rules of soceity which is considers socially unacceptable |
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Rosenhan |
12 hospitals, false names and addresses, empty, hollow, thud, 11 schizophrenia, writing behaviour, oral acquisitve syndrome, 19 days, nurses 90% of time, 35 out of 118 voices suspicions |
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Rosenhan follow up |
3 months, 1-10 scale, 193 patients, 41 by staff, 23 by psychiatrist, 19 by both, none were sent |
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Stichfield |
-reliability and validity -803 looked at diagnosis -used 259 for gambling treatment programme |
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Helzer |
structured interviews, quantitative data, trends and patterns |
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Uni polar depression |
-Children with depressed parents are more likely to be depressed -if someone has the short serotonin tube they are more vulnerable -reduced levels of neurotransmitters -serotonin-calming effect on brain -produce too much nonocemicoxidace so neurotransmitters are broken down too quickly |
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McGuffin |
Concordance rate of 46% in mz twins and 20% in dz twins |
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Wilhelm |
Short form of serotonin transporter, Australia, after a negative life event |
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Wender+ Kleen |
Drugged animals with reduced levels of neradren alne animals become sluggish and inactive |
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Cognitive- Beck |
-learned helplessness + faulty thinking -lack of control to internal factors which are global + stable -my fault, everything always turns out bad, always done always will |
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Bothwell + Scott |
Faulty thinking and errors in cognitive processing are symptoms of depression |
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Watkins + Baracala |
Knowing about mental processing helped reduce relapse |
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Teichman et al |
Self concept was the thing most linked to severe depression |
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Ingram |
Adverse earlier experiences led to depression |
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Brown et al |
395 wc women, self esteem social support and mental health, re-interviewed 1yr, asked about stressful events + support, 91% suffered a stressful event if depressed 23% were not, those with partners who let them down were more likely to be depressed, those with low self esteem likely to be depressed |
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Dopamine hypothesis |
-risperidone block dopamine receptors -L-dopa schizophrenic symptoms -1/100,000 per year -life time prevalence of 1% -1/3 recover completely |
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Goldstein |
Hospital diagnosis using DSM ii, hospital stay of less than 6 months, no other health issues, 18-45 -re-diagnosis, single blind -9 interveiwers -0.8 agreement re-hospitalizations: men -2,24, women 1.12 Length of stay: men-417.83 women 206.81 |
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Environmental breeder |
lower social class + black immigrants 4 in 1000 chance compared to 1.4 chance, social drift, more common in urban environments, even higher in 2nd generation immigrants -not everyone who has social adversary develops illnesses -middle class resists diagnosis |
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Hjem et al |
Sweden social adversary in childhood was linked to schizophrenia |
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Drug therapy |
anti psychotics controlls symptoms, stop people feeling bothered by them, typical-haleperidol blocks dopamine receptors, riseridone - atypical blocks dopamine and seritonin, clozapne is atypical but can cause fatal blood disorder |
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Strengths of drug therapy |
-allows them to live in society -very practical |
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Schooler |
555 patients used both drugs 75% showed reduction in symptoms |
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Emsely |
Patients who used rispiridone had low relapse rates, 75% showed a reduction in symptoms, 64% went into remission |
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Weaknesses of drug therapy |
-patient may not take medication, only masks the problem, reduction is not a cure, side effects e.g. weight gain, anxiety |
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Act |
-patient lives in community -can call a community psychiatrist or social worker for support 24/7 telephone service -medication is self-administered -hospitals are a last resort -may attended counselling sessions |
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strengths of act |
-cheap as they do not need to be supervised at all time -studies show no negative effects of programme |
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Trauer |
Improves quality of life as they can live in it normally |
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Bond et al |
25 controlled studies compare act to standard community treatment and found it was more effective |
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Leff |
Symptoms reduced by living in the community |
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weaknesses of ACT |
-if patient refuses ACT it can be harmful -not cost effective in less populated area -if patients aren't well supported they could harm themselves |
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Gomery |
11% of patients felt forced into treatment |
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Ect |
-originally developed in 1930s and used during 1950s and 60s -ect should be used less and for more serious things, if depression is life threatening -pass a current through brain to induce an epileptic fit -muscle relaxent and general annestethic -bilaternal- electrodes either side of head -seizure lasting 30 seconds -voltage between 70-150v lasts for 0,1-0.5 seconds 2 per week for 4 weeks |
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Strengths of ECT |
-compared with a placebo ect is better -short term pain is justified |
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Avery +Winokur |
Patients treated with ECT were more likely to survive over a period of several years than those who were not treated at all or with anti depressant drugs |
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Disadvantages of ECT |
-Can cause people distress -not practical as equipment is expensive -people recover using placebo -frighting -short term harm e.g. aching of muscles |
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CBT |
-readdresses a patients negative thoughts -takes 6 weeks to 6 months -1 session per week for an hour -explains problems they have and make a plan to treat them -prompts to apply when they need to -if that were true why is is so upsetting |
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Strengths of CBT |
-gives patients skills to turn negative thinking into more positive thinking, prevents relapse -practical as it is not time consuming |
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Wyles |
469 patients who had not improved after drug treatment
-46% who used it got a 50% reduction in symptoms compared to 22% |
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Kukyen |
CBT was at least as effective as prozace in preventing relapse and improving quality of life |
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Weakness of CBT |
-negative thinking maybe the result not the cause -can be hard if patient is not well educated and find it hard to address thought patterns -costly -distressing as you have to talk about thoughts and feelings |
