Psychology 4

Front 1

Sensation

Back 1

The process of stimulating the sense organ receptor cells and relaying that information to higher brain centers for further processing.

Front 2

Perception

Back 2

The brain's process of organizing and interpreting sensory information to give it meaning.

Front 3

Absolute threshold

Back 3

the minimum amount of stimulations that an organism can detect.

Front 4

Difference threshold

Back 4

The smallest difference in the amount of stimulation that a specific sense can detect.

Front 5

Weber's Law

Back 5

The size of a JND is a constant proportion of the size of the initial stimulus.

Front 6

Sclera

Back 6

outside white part

Front 7

Cornea

Back 7

clear muscle covering the front of the eye, allows light to come through.

Front 8

Lens

Back 8

transparent eye structure that focuses the light rays falling on the retina.

Front 9

Iris

Back 9

colored central part, controls the size of the pupil.

Front 10

Pupil

Back 10

regulates the amount of light passing to the rear of the eye.

Front 11

Rods

Back 11

the receptors in the retina that are exquisitely sensitive to light but are not very useful for color.

Front 12

Cones

Back 12

receptors in the retina for color perception

Front 13

Fovea

Back 13

a tiny spot in the center of the retina where visual activity is greatest, where the retina focuses the light.

Front 14

Blind Spot

Back 14

where your optic nerve connects to your eye making it impossible for rods or cones to exist there.

Front 15

Retina

Back 15

the neutral tissue lining the inside back surface of the eye; it absorbs light, processes images, and sends visual information to the brain.

Front 16

Pinna

Back 16

the external ear's sound collecting cone

Front 17

Auditory Ossicles

Back 17

three tiny bones in the middle ear that convert the eardrums vibrations into smaller motions.

Front 18

Oval Window

Back 18

sound enters the cochlea through the oval window, which is vibrated by the ossicles.

Front 19

Basilar Membrane

Back 19

runs the length of the spiraled cochlea, holds the auditory receptors.

Front 20

Cochlea

Back 20

a fluid filled, coiled tunnel that contains the receptors for hearing. Comes from the Greek word for a spiral-shelled snail, which the chamber resembles.

Front 21

Hair Cells

Back 21

auditory receptors, called this because of the tiny bundles of hairs that protrude them.

Front 22

Depth Perception

Back 22

Texture, shadowing, accomodation, atmospheric perspectives, interposition

Front 23

Visual Illusion

Back 23

Illusion that occurs when two objects produce exactly the same retinal image but are perceived as different images.

Front 24

Figure-ground relationship

Back 24

how we're able to make sense of what we see in front and back.

Front 25

Law of Proximity

Back 25

things that are closer together will be grouped together.

Front 26

Law of Similarity

Back 26

Things that look alike will be grouped together.

Front 27

Law of closure

Back 27

Our perception feels in the gaps. s_u__re

Front 28

Pitch

Back 28

Characteristic of sound- frequency-how fast in air pressure change.

Front 29

Loudness

Back 29

Characteristic of sound-Amplitude-the energy of the wave.

Front 30

Timbre

Back 30

Quality of sound, how well we hear it.

Front 31

Unconditioned stimulus

Back 31

Evokes response that is inate.

Front 32

Unconditioned response

Back 32

pin prick is stimulus-> moving arm away is inate response.

Front 33

Conditioned Stimulus

Back 33

Neutral stimulus paired w/unconditional stimulus.

Front 34

Conditioned Response

Back 34

Arm is moved when the bell rings before being poked.

Front 35

Spontaneous recovery

Back 35

You remember and the stimulus is activated.

Front 36

Generalization

Back 36

Respond similarly to similar kinds of cues.

Front 37

Discrimination

Back 37

Response is more specific to a given stimulus.

Front 38

Operant Conditioning

Back 38

consequences of behavior produce changes in the probability of the behaviors occurrence

Front 39

Thorndike's law of effect

Back 39

Behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened, whereas behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened.

Front 40

Skinner

Back 40

Skinner box

Front 41

Schedules of Reinforcement

Back 41

1)Fixed Ratio schedule
2)Variable-ratio schedule
3)Fixed-interval schedule
4)Variable-interval schedule

Front 42

What is punishment?

Back 42

PUnishment only tells us what not to do instead of what to do.

Front 43

Negative PUnishment

Back 43

removal of a pleasureable stimulus that decreases liklihood behavior will reoccur. ->playstation and bath.

Front 44

Negative Reinforcement

Back 44

Removal of an obversice stimulus that increases the likelyhood that behavior will reoccur. -> seatbelt warning, stopped yelling.

Front 45

Positive Reinforcement

Back 45

Application of a pleasurable stimulus that increases likelyhood that positive behavior will occur.

Front 46

Positive Punishment

Back 46

Administration of an obversive stimulus that decreases likelyhood that behavior will occur.

Front 47

The three S's

Back 47

1)Swift-immediate punishment
2)Severe-has to be punishing.
3)Certain-every time

Front 48

Discrimination

Back 48

Response is more specific to a given stimulus.

Front 49

Operant Conditioning

Back 49

consequences of behavior produce changes in the probability of the behaviors occurrence

Front 50

Thorndike's law of effect

Back 50

Behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened, whereas behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened.

Front 51

Skinner

Back 51

Skinner box

Front 52

Schedules of Reinforcement

Back 52

1)Fixed Ratio schedule
2)Variable-ratio schedule
3)Fixed-interval schedule
4)Variable-interval schedule

Front 53

What is punishment?

Back 53

PUnishment only tells us what not to do instead of what to do.

Front 54

Negative PUnishment

Back 54

removal of a pleasureable stimulus that decreases liklihood behavior will reoccur. ->playstation and bath.

Front 55

Negative Reinforcement

Back 55

Removal of an obversice stimulus that increases the likelyhood that behavior will reoccur. -> seatbelt warning, stopped yelling.

Front 56

Positive Reinforcement

Back 56

Application of a pleasurable stimulus that increases likelyhood that positive behavior will occur.

Front 57

Positive Punishment

Back 57

Administration of an obversive stimulus that decreases likelyhood that behavior will occur.

Front 58

The three S's

Back 58

1)Swift-immediate punishment
2)Severe-has to be punishing.
3)Certain-every time

Front 59

Depth Perception

Back 59

Texture, shadowing, accomodation, atmospheric perspectives, interposition

Front 60

Visual Illusion

Back 60

Illusion that occurs when two objects produce exactly the same retinal image but are perceived as different images.

Front 61

Figure-ground relationship

Back 61

how we're able to make sense of what we see in front and back.

Front 62

Law of Proximity

Back 62

things that are closer together will be grouped together.

Front 63

Law of Similarity

Back 63

Things that look alike will be grouped together.

Front 64

Law of closure

Back 64

Our perception feels in the gaps. s_u__re

Front 65

Pitch

Back 65

Characteristic of sound- frequency-how fast in air pressure change.

Front 66

Loudness

Back 66

Characteristic of sound-Amplitude-the energy of the wave.

Front 67

Timbre

Back 67

Quality of sound, how well we hear it.

Front 68

Unconditioned stimulus

Back 68

Evokes response that is inate.

Front 69

Unconditioned response

Back 69

pin prick is stimulus-> moving arm away is inate response.

Front 70

Conditioned Stimulus

Back 70

Neutral stimulus paired w/unconditional stimulus.

Front 71

Conditioned Response

Back 71

Arm is moved when the bell rings before being poked.

Front 72

Spontaneous recovery

Back 72

You remember and the stimulus is activated.

Front 73

Generalization

Back 73

Respond similarly to similar kinds of cues.

Front 74

Depth Perception

Back 74

Texture, shadowing, accomodation, atmospheric perspectives, interposition

Front 75

Visual Illusion

Back 75

Illusion that occurs when two objects produce exactly the same retinal image but are perceived as different images.

Front 76

Figure-ground relationship

Back 76

how we're able to make sense of what we see in front and back.

Front 77

Law of Proximity

Back 77

things that are closer together will be grouped together.

Front 78

Law of Similarity

Back 78

Things that look alike will be grouped together.

Front 79

Law of closure

Back 79

Our perception feels in the gaps. s_u__re

Front 80

Pitch

Back 80

Characteristic of sound- frequency-how fast in air pressure change.

Front 81

Loudness

Back 81

Characteristic of sound-Amplitude-the energy of the wave.

Front 82

Timbre

Back 82

Quality of sound, how well we hear it.

Front 83

Unconditioned stimulus

Back 83

Evokes response that is inate.

Front 84

Unconditioned response

Back 84

pin prick is stimulus-> moving arm away is inate response.

Front 85

Conditioned Stimulus

Back 85

Neutral stimulus paired w/unconditional stimulus.

Front 86

Conditioned Response

Back 86

Arm is moved when the bell rings before being poked.

Front 87

Spontaneous recovery

Back 87

You remember and the stimulus is activated.

Front 88

Generalization

Back 88

Respond similarly to similar kinds of cues.