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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is psychology?
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The scientific study of the mind (mental processes)and behavior.
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Empirical observation is...
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objective evidence gathered through direct observation
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What are mental processes?
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content and processes of subjective experience including sensations, thoughts, and emotions.
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Behavior is...
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observable actions performed by a person or animal.
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meaning of cognitive
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any kind of mental operation
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what are the three levels of analysis?
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Level of the brain- the structure and functions of the organ itself.
Level of the person- events involving the nature of beliefs, desires, and feelings. leve of the group- relationships between others, among groups and culture |
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Types of psychologists are?
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Clinical and Counseling psychologists, Applied psychologists, and Academic/research psychology.
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types of clinical psychologist
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clinical, counseling, psychiatrist, social worker, and psychiatic nurse
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what are the two parts of applied psychology?
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human factors psychology-improving products.
applied- improving work environments (experiments for practical problems in the work force) |
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What did Plato and Socrates believe in?
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nature, mind seperable from body, knowledge built with in us
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Aristotle differed from Socrates in what way?
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on nuture side, empiricism (loved data), mind not seperable from body.
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What were Rene Decartes beliefs?
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mind and body were seperable. innate knowledge, animal spirits flowed within nerves
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What are the two camps produced over the mind-body issue?
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Dualists- mind and body are distinct but interacting entities
Monists- mind and body are different aspects of the same thing. |
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What was John Locke opinion on nature vs. nurture?
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tabula rasa- blank slate.
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Who was opposing John Locke?
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Jean Jacques Rousseau
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Who is the father of modern day psychology?
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Wilhelm Wundt
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Define structuralism
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how basic elements (sensations and feelings) formed mental structure; introspection "looking within"
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Who proceeded Wundt in his studies?
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Titchener
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Functionalism...who was the found?
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emphasized the purposes of immediate experience...William James (applied Darwins theory to mental characteristics)
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Gestalt Psychology
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emphasized the overall patterns (perceptual units) of thoughts or experience (Max Wertheimer)
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Psychodynamic Theory
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continual push-and-pull interaction among the conscious and unconscious forces. Sigmund Freud.
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What term was coined by Freud.
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Denial
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behavorism
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how a specifice stimulus evokes a specific response. the ABCs. antecedent, behavioral response, consequence. JB Watson
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Humanism
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emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth.
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Founder of humanisn: self actualization
and of self-centered therapy |
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers |
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First woman to receive PHd
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Margaret Washburn
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First African-American to earn Phd
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Francis Cecil Sumner
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First African-American Woman to earn PhD
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Inez Beverly Prosser
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What is observer Bias
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error due to personal motives and or expectations of the viewer
glass empty/ glass full idea |
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How to prevent observer bias
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standardization- operational definition
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Independent variable
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factor manipulated by researcher
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Dependent Variable
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factor measured by researcher
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Confounding variable
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any variable affeting the dependent variable other than independent variable
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expectancy effect
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unintentional hints by the researcher of what is expected from participant
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Placebo Effect
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change in behavior due to the belief that the treatment is effective (sugar pills)
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Double Blind Control
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neither researcher nor participant know which condition is being tested
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Between-subjects design
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atleast two groups the experimental and control are being tested
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Random Assignment
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used to eliminate the confounding variables relate to individual difference
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a sample is defined as
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a subset of the population
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representative sample.
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a sample that holds characteristics similar of the entire population
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Random Sample
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everyone has an equal chance of being selected for the experiment.
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reactivity
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change in behavior after knowledge of being observed
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reliability
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consistency or dependability of behavioral data
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validity
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accurately measures the variable it was intended to measure
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case study is...
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an intensive examination of one person.
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Illusory correlation
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appearance of a correlation when none exists
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three functions of the nervous system
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Input- hear alarm clock
Processing- brain knows its time to wake up Output- hit the snooze |
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Parts of the Neuron and their job.
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axons- carry signals away from cell body
terminal button- axon foot containing neurotransmitters synapse- gap between neurons that neurotransmitters cross. dendrites- detect and carry signals to the cell body. soma- cell body myelin sheath- insulates neuron and speed and rate of action potentials. |
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what is the role of the glial cells
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hold neurons in place, directs their growth, and repairs
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Somatic Nervous System
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messages from senses to CNS and sends movement instructions to muscles
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Autonomic Nervous System
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messages back and forth between CNS and organs and glands
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sympathetic system
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prepare the body for action through the fight-or-flight syndrome
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parasympathic system
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regulates the body's energy- conserving functions
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the sympathetic and parasympathetic system are apart of the
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autonomic nervous system
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EEG
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measures general electrical activity in the brain
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PET
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scan records where radioactive substances are concentrated- maximally invasive
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MRI
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exposes brain to a magnetic field and measure radio frequency waves.
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FMRI
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uses a magnetic field to detect changes in blood flow.
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medulla, reticular formation, locus coerulus, cerebellum
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parts of the hind brain
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function of the midbrain
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relays information from the five senses, controls certain automatic behaviors, not viral functions
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Forebrain parts
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thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system.
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medulla
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basic functions you need to survive
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reticular formation
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function of attention, sleep, or movement
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locus coeruleus
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cells run from hindbrain to midbrain. activates reticular formation
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cerebellum
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finely cordinated movements
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thalamus
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relay system
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hypothalamus
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regulates basic drives
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limbic system (2 parts)
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amygdala- regulates emotions
hippocampus- learning and memory |
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corpus callosum does what?
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allows the left and right brain to commmunicate
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lateralization
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each side of the brain controls the opposite side of the body
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convoluted.
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wrinkles in the brain
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left side and right side of the brains functions
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language and logic
spatial, artistic, and musical abilities |
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physical landmarks of the cortex
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frontal lobe, temperal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe
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function of the landmark
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frontal lobe, decision making
temporal lobe, integrating information parietal lobe, any sensation occipital lobe, vision |
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broca and wernicks area
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wernicks- undestanding spoken language
broca- responsible for producing language |
