Psychology 351: Exam 1

Front 1

Name the 3 aspects that coorelate with the definition of psychological disorders

Back 1

-Atypical response element
-Distress element
-Impairment in functioning

Front 2

Atypical response element

Back 2

states that a deviation from normal behavior is evidence of a psychological disorder

Front 3

Distress element

Back 3

personal discomfort signals the presence of a psychological disorder

Front 4

Impairment in funcitoning element

Back 4

defines a psychological disorder based on a disruption in ability to carry out normal tasks

Front 5

The scientist-practitioner model of psychology focuses on:

Back 5

the psychologist's use of scientific principles to study which treatments are most effective and to decide which treatment to use

Front 6

The Oedipus complex, which, according to Freud, occurs during the ______ stage of psychosexual development is characterized by ___________ ___________.

Back 6

phallic, castration anxiety

Front 7

The elements of person-centered therapy include:

Back 7

unconditional positive regard and empathy

Front 8

The part of the nervous system that is activated in times of stress is the ________________ nervous system.

Back 8

sympathetic

Front 9

Obsessive compulsive disorder appears to be linked to the area of the brain called the _____________. The implications of this finding are that _________________________.

Back 9

orbital frontal cortex; althought he disorder is related to a particular brain circut, the causes of the disorder are not necessarily completely biological

Front 10

Research indicates that the relationship between psychological treatment and brain circuits is such that:

Back 10

psychological treatment can alter brain circuts.

Front 11

According to the principle of prepared learning, humans

Back 11

inherit a capcity to learn certain things that are beneficial to the survival of the species.

Front 12

Which part of the brain gives humans the capacity to think, plan, and reason?

Back 12

cerebral cortex

Front 13

Being in a stressful situation one cannot control could result in:

Back 13

learned helplessness

Front 14

Equifinality refers to the idea that:

Back 14

different paths may lead to the same outcome.

Front 15

An advantage of formal observation:

Back 15

formal observations are more reliable due to the focus on behaviors that are both observable and measurable

Front 16

On the MMPI results are assessed according to:

Back 16

how the pattern of answers corresponds to that of people diagnosed with a specific disorder

Front 17

The CAT scan neuroimaging technique uses _____ to portray ______ structures.

Back 17

X-rays, brain

Front 18

The instrument meausers brain wave activity by recording the electrical activity of the brain

Back 18

EEG

Front 19

The classical approach to nosology diagnoses based on the presence of ______ and the dimensional approach notes the ___________ of ___________.

Back 19

symptoms, severity of symptoms

Front 20

When developing a hypothesis, one important consideration is

Back 20

testability

Front 21

Confounds, or factors that make it difficult to interpret accurately the results of a study, directly affect:

Back 21

internal validity

Front 22

3 strategies to improve internal validity are

Back 22

-repeated measurement
-withdrawal
-multiple baselines

Front 23

Epidemiological research is useful because it:

Back 23

tells the extent of a disorder in the population

Front 24

Define abnormal

Back 24

a psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment in functioning that is not typically or culturally expected

Front 25

The field of pyschopathology defines:

Back 25

psychological disorders

Front 26

Deviance

Back 26

behavior that is highly unusual

Front 27

Define personal suffering or distress:

Back 27

Individual suffers as a result of the behavior and wishes to be rid of it

Front 28

Statistical infrequency measures:

Back 28

if the behavior is rare or not

Front 29

clinical description

Back 29

details of the combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings of an individual that make up a particular disorder

Front 30

prevalence

Back 30

# of people displaying a disorder in the total population at any given time

Front 31

incidence

Back 31

# of new cases of a disorder appering during a specific period

Front 32

Course:

Back 32

pattern of development and change over a period of time

Front 33

chronic course =

Back 33

long lasting

Front 34

episodic course=

Back 34

recover within a few months then relapse

Front 35

time-limited=

Back 35

improve without treatment in a short period of time

Front 36

prognosis

Back 36

predicted development of a disorder over time

Front 37

psychosocial treatment

Back 37

treatment practices that focus on social and cultural factors as well as psychological influences. Approaches include cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal methods

Front 38

define psychiatry

Back 38

branch of medicine that is concerned with the study and treatment of mental disorders

Front 39

psychiatrists:

Back 39

are licensed to practice medicine and can perscribe it as well

Front 40

Clinical psychologists~couseling psychology

Back 40

concerned wiht the application of psychological science to the assessment and treatment of mental disorders
-Ph.D
-trained in treating thru therapy
-can't perscribe medication

Front 41

social workers

Back 41

concerned with helping peole to achieve and effective level of psychosocial functioning
-Master's degree
-case management to help with proper placement of children
-trained in therapy

Front 42

professional counselors

Back 42

-training in therapy and assessment
-can't see patients individually
-work in diff settings ranging from gov't agencies to mental health centers and private practice
-Master's degree

Front 43

Marriage and family therapy (MFT)

Back 43

multidisciplinary field in which professionals are trained to provide psychotherapy
-Master's degree
-may need supervision

Front 44

psychiatric nurses

Back 44

some have master's degree in nursing and can prescribe medication under supervision of psychiatrist

Front 45

psychosocial rehabilitation proffessional

Back 45

specific training in working with severe forms of disorders

Front 46

Scientist-practioner approach

Back 46

-Consumer of science=enhancing the practice
-Evaluator of science=determining the effectiveness of the practice
-Creator of science=conducting research that leads to new procedures useful in practice

Front 47

insidious

Back 47

gradual onset

Front 48

prognosis

Back 48

how we think the disorder will change over time, includes course and severity

Front 49

treatment development

Back 49

certain type of treatment that is more effetive with specific disorder

Front 50

Supernatural theory

Back 50

causes due to: divine intervention, curses, demonic possession, and personal sin

Front 51

Biological theories:

Back 51

symtoms based on what is happening in the body

Front 52

**psychological theories

Back 52

mental disorders as a result of trauma(s)

Front 53

Supernatural Tradition in the Stone Age and in Ancinet China

Back 53

Stone age: spirit possession, trephination (drill hole in person's head to release evil spirit)
Ancient China:Yin and Yang (opposite energy forces that cause disease if forces unbalanced)

Front 54

Psychiatrist Wilhelm Griesinger proposed that:

Back 54

disorders are caused by brain disorders

Front 55

Psychoanalytic perspective (who invented and what it is)

Back 55

-Franz Anton Mesmer
-we all have magnetic flued that flows w/in and when we get sick the magnetic balance is off. He had people touch metal rods to even out the charges
-He was the first to realize that people have different states of consciousness b/c his methods were hyptnotizing

Front 56

Freudian Theory:

Back 56

-Conscious: what we are aware of at a specific moment
-preconscious:just outside of aware, not thinking about right now but can be brough into awareness (what we ate for dinner last night)
**-unconscious:underlying desires we can't bring into awareness

Front 57

Id

Back 57

-primitive part of personality that is driven by pleausre and the need to get urges satisfied

Front 58

Ego

Back 58

Reality principle, aware of consequences and rules, tries to use rules to satisfy Id within contstraints of reality

Front 59

Superego

Back 59

Morality principle that lies partially in concious and inconscious

Front 60

Defense mechanisims (5)

Back 60

:when the superego isn't doing what it is supposed to
-repression
-denial
-projection
-reaction formation
-sublimation

Front 61

Repression

Back 61

keep uncomfortable thoughts and feelings out of awareness

Front 62

denial

Back 62

refusing to believe that an event is taking place when you are overwhelmed with reality

Front 63

projection

Back 63

when we have a quality our superego wouldn't be comfortable with we blame someone else for having that quality

Front 64

reaction formation

Back 64

we have impule supergo is unconfortable with so we act in totally opposite way

Front 65

sublimation

Back 65

transform an inapropriate impule into an acceptable form (liking guts and blood so become surgeon)

Front 66

Four stages of psychoanalytic though with meaning of term (early on in life)

Back 66

-undifferentiated (newborns feel as tho they are not seperate from others)
-symbiosis (one with others but start to distinguish b/t good & bad)
-seperation-individuation (learn diff b/t self and others, things are either good or bad, not both)
-integration (can start to integrate good and bad together)

Front 67

object relations

Back 67

emphasizes how we encorporate the views we have of others and ourselves

Front 68

psychosexual stages of development

Back 68

-Development stage (grat. with putting things in mouth)
:Anal (learn demands of society)
:Phallic (learn diff b/t girls and boys)
-Latency (repress sexual desires)
-Genital (learn to deal maturely with opp. sex)

Front 69

Psychoanalytic theory

Back 69

-therapy is often long term
-techniques include free association (dark room, laying) and dream analysis

Front 70

behaviorism

Back 70

your personality consists of what you observe

Front 71

classical conditioning

Back 71

learning to associate one thing with another

Front 72

unconditioned stiumulus

Back 72

unlearned stimulus, brings about response with out any training (dog's food)

Front 73

unconditioned response

Back 73

response to the unconditioned stimulus (dogs salivation)

Front 74

conditioned stimulus

Back 74

stimulus that gets paried with US (bell and people entering room)

Front 75

Conditioned response

Back 75

response to conditioned stimulus (ususally same as UR) but in response to CS (hearing bell and salivating although no food is present

Front 76

operant conditioning

Back 76

how consequences affect behavior

Front 77

positive reinforcement

Back 77

when something is added after behavior has occured (sticker for going potty on toilet)

Front 78

negative reinforcment

Back 78

behavior happens and causes something unpleasant to be removed (dinging sound in car disappears when you buckle up)

Front 79

reinforcement

Back 79

behavior increases in the future

Front 80

punishment

Back 80

behavior decreases in future

Front 81

positive punishment

Back 81

behavior decreased by adding something (spanking, wash mouth with soap)

Front 82

negative punishment

Back 82

behavior decrease in frequency bc we remove something enjoyable ("time-out")

Front 83

systematic desensitization

Back 83

someone is afraid of something and you slowly introduce/expose them to their fear (classical technique)

Front 84

token economy

Back 84

(operant conditioning) reward system for good behavior and earn something for reward, also a punishment component

Front 85

biopsychosocial model's 3 components:

Back 85

-biological (genetics, biology)
-social (interpersonal relationships)
-psychological(early childhood experiences)

Front 86

biological theories of abnormality

Back 86

genetic theories (disordered genes)
structural theories (abnormalities in structure of brain)
biochemical theories (imbalances in levels of neurtransmitters or hormones)

Front 87

cerebral cortex

Back 87

processes most complex information

Front 88

corpus callosum

Back 88

allows infor to pass b/t both hemispheres

Front 89

thalamus

Back 89

sensory way-lay center, thalamus sense sensory infor where it needs to go in the brain to be processed

Front 90

hypothalamus

Back 90

controls "drives" , 5F's

Front 91

5 F's of the hypothalamus

Back 91

-fight/flight
-feeding
-falling asleep
-fever
-f**king

Front 92

Amygdala

Back 92

emotion control "fear"

Front 93

hippocampus

Back 93

memory, helps short therm memory turn to long term memory

Front 94

Limbic system (what it consists of and what it does)

Back 94

-regulates emotional experience and expression
-made up of hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, amygdala, thalamus, hypthalamus

Front 95

frontal lobe

Back 95

responsible for personality, planning, and memory

Front 96

temporal lobe

Back 96

hearing primarily

Front 97

occipital lobe

Back 97

touch recognition, part of brain that senses where body parts are without looking

Front 98

dendrites

Back 98

recieve information

Front 99

axon terminals

Back 99

send out information

Front 100

ACh malfuntion

Back 100

Alzheimer's disease, ACh producint neurons deteriorate and muscle action, learning, and memory is inhibited

Front 101

Dopamine linked with

Back 101

excess linked with schizophrenia
too little results in tremors and decreased mobility of Parkinson's disease

Front 102

Serotonin linked with

Back 102

undersupply linked to depression
mood, hunger, sleep and arousal is affected

Front 103

Norepinephrine linked with

Back 103

undersupply can depress mood

Front 104

GABA

Back 104

major inhibitory neurotransmitter
undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia

Front 105

Glutamate

Back 105

exitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory
oversupply can overstimulate brain causing migranes or seizures (which is why some poeple avoid MSG in foods)

Front 106

Effects of Medications on Neurotransmitters

Back 106

-agonists (increase activity)
-antagonists (decrease or block neurotrans)
-inverse agonists (produce effects that are opposite of neurotransmitters)
*most drugs are agonists or antagonists

Front 107

SSRI: Selective Seritonin Reuptake Inhibitor

Back 107

SSRI acts as agonist and increase seritonin/blocks reabsorption of seritonin

Front 108

Psychological theories of abnormality

Back 108

-psychodynamic
-behavioral
-cognitive
-humanist/existential theories

Front 109

Cognitive theories of abnormality created by

Back 109

Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis
they think that thoughts and beliefs shape our behaviors and emotions

Front 110

Humanistic theories of abnormality

Back 110

suggests that all humans strive to fulfill their potential for good and self-actualize
-if society tries to get us to act a certain way we can be unhappy

Front 111

scripts

Back 111

expectations of interactions with others

Front 112

Harry Stack Sullivan developed prototypes or images of self:

Back 112

-bad me: negative, we don't like, criticism from others
-good me: good qualities, get praise for
-not me: denial, neg qualities we don't want to admit we have

Front 113

family systems theory

Back 113

roots of disorder are within the family, not the individual

Front 114

social structural theories

Back 114

some cultures may support the development of certain disorders (anxiety=US, choro erectile invertion=Africa)

Front 115

unstructured clinical interview

Back 115

not used very often, open-ended questions with no goals

Front 116

structured clinical intervie

Back 116

clinician asks a very specific list of detailed questions in order, most typically used for research

Front 117

semi-structured clinical interview

Back 117

most commonly used, not specific list of questions but do have goal topics to cover

Front 118

ask about symptoms and history because:

Back 118

try to find out what may have triggered symptoms or made them worse, if have a history of something how long ago and was it treated?, family history

Front 119

physiological and neruophyiscal factors in clinical interview

Back 119

-any physical medical condition?
-Drug and alcohol use
-intellectual and cognitive functioning

Front 120

sociocultural factors w/in clinical interviews

Back 120

-social resources (relationships with others)
-sociocultural background
acculturation (what culture do they identify with vs. mainstream culture)

Front 121

Mental Status Exam includes

Back 121

-Appearance and behavior
-thought process
-mood and affect (mood is how typically feeling and affect is how feeling right not)
-intellectual functioning (clinicians sense of patients ability to process info)
-sensorium (orientation and awareness of surroundings and time)

Front 122

assessment tools

Back 122

anything clinician does to gather info about patient

Front 123

Types of Validity

Back 123

-Face
-Content
-Concurrent
-Predictive
-Construct

Front 124

face validity

Back 124

test appears to measure what it is supposed to

Front 125

content validity

Back 125

test assesses all important aspects of phenomenon

Front 126

concurrent validity

Back 126

thest yeilds the same results as other measures of the same behavior, thoughts, and feelings

Front 127

predictive validity

Back 127

test predicts the behavior it is supposed to measure, want to see if test really predicts if patients hae depression or not

Front 128

construct validity

Back 128

test measures what it is supposed to measure and not something else or overlap with other disorder, test for anger matches other angers tests and doesn't overlap with anxiety tests

Front 129

Tests of Reliability

Back 129

-test-retest
-alternate form
-internal
-interrater or interjudge

Front 130

Test-Restest reliability

Back 130

test produces similar results when given at two different points in time

Front 131

Alternate form reliability

Back 131

two versions of the same test produce similar results

Front 132

internal reliablity

Back 132

different parts of the same test produce similar results

Front 133

interrater or interjudge reliability

Back 133

two or more raters or judges who administer a test to an individual and scores it come to a similar conclusion

Front 134

Neuropsychological test

Back 134

Intelligence tests
-Wechsler Adult Inteligence Scale
:tests performance IQ, verbal IQ, and General IQ

Front 135

questionaires

Back 135

most commonly used, easy to administer, assess peoples typical ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving

Front 136

Behavior observation

Back 136

watch a child ineract with another child so you can see what provokes him or her

Front 137

Diagnosis

Back 137

Final goal is to have accurate idea of what is going on with patient

Front 138

DSM-IV-TR System

Back 138

multiaxial classification system that refers to the way we set up diagnosis

Front 139

Axis I

Back 139

Clinical disorders, patient can have more than one listed on their chart

Front 140

Axis II

Back 140

Personality disorders and mental retardation, (resistance to treatment, long lasting)

Front 141

Axis III

Back 141

General medical conditions, physical/medical condition that may be affecting the psychologically (lady with Thyroid cancer and problem not feeling her leg)

Front 142

Axis IV

Back 142

psychosocial and environmental problems, issues that the patient is experienceing in environment/relationships

Front 143

Axis V

Back 143

global assessment of functioning, most debated, assign patients # 0-100 that assess their function on a scale in the DSM

Front 144

Changes in the DSM 5

Back 144

-removed multiaxial system
-clinicians now list diagnosis

Front 145

Being sane in insane places

Back 145

Rosehan study of sane people in mental hospitals to test for clinician interpretation of sane vs. insane