Psychology 330 Final Review Chapter Eight Eating And Sleep Disorders

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Bulimia Nervosa Criteria

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Recurrent episodes of binge eating, characterized by an abnormally large intake of food within a two hour period, combined with a sense of lack of control over eating during these episodes, Recurrent, inappropriate compensatory behaviour to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting misuse of laxative, fasting or excessive exercising. Occur at least twice a week for at least three months.

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Side Effects of Bulimia Nervosa

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Salivatory gland enlargement cause by repeated vomiting, which gives the face a chubby appearance. Repeated vomiting errodes the tooth enamel. Upsetting of the chemical balance of the bodily fluids, including sodium and potassium, called electrolyte imbalance, can lead to cardiac arrthythimia, kidney failure

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Anorexia Nervosa Criteria

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Refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal level. Intense fear of gaining weight. Inappropriate evaluation of one's weight or shape, or denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight. Amenorrhea

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Rumination Disorder

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The process of regurgitating and then reswallowing partially digested food. When this process interferes with appropriate nutritional intake or weight gain, it is considered a disorder. Affects approximately 10% of adults who have mental retardation.

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Pica

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Repeated eating of nonnutritive substances and occurs in infants and people with mental retardation or dementia. Individuals typically eat paint, plaster, string, hair, or cloth. Causes are unknown, although certain mineral deficencies may be involved.

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Rapid Eye Movement Sleep

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Periodic intervals of sleep during which the eyes move rapidly from side to side, and dreams occur, but the body is inactive. Linked to the brain circuit in the limbic system that may be involved with anxiety.

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Dyssomnias

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Problems in getting to sleep or in obtaining sufficient quality of sleep.

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Parasomnias

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Abnormal behaviors such as nightmares or sleepwalking during sleep.

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Polysomnographic Evaluation

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Clearest and most comprehensive picture your sleep habits can be determined by this. The patient spends one or more nights sleeping in a sleep laboratory, being monitored on a number of measure that inclue respiration and oxygen desaturation, leg movements, brain wave activity, eye movements, muscle movements, and hear activity.

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Sleep Efficiency

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The percentage of time actually spent asleep, not just laying in bed trying to sleep. Calculated by the amount of time actually spent asleep by the amount of time spent in bed. Percentage not neccessarily indicative of problems, but rather how they react to their percentage.

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Microsleeps

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Afterbeing awake for around forty hours, a person begins this, which last several seconds or longer.

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Fatal Familial Insomnia

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A degenerative brain disorder which leads to total lack of sleep, even microsleep, that eventually leads to death.

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Primary Insomnia

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Primary indicates that the complaint is not related to other medical or psychiatric problems. Looking at sleep disorders as primary problems. Looking at sleep disorders as primary recalls the overlap of sleep problems with psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression. Because not sleeping makes you anxious and anxiety further interupts your sleep, which makes you more anxious.

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Hypersomnia

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When a person sleeps throught he night and appear rested upon awakening, but still complain of being excessively tired throughout the day. To diagnose though, a researcher must rule out other things which may interupt their sleep, and cause the sleepiness. Seems to be very heredity and also may be linked to some earlier viral infections like mono or pneumonia.

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Narcolepsy

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In addition to daytime sleepiness, the presense of of cataplexy occurs in this disorder, falling asleep uncontrollably.

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Cataplexy

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A sudden loss of muscle tone. Occurs while the person is awake and can range from slight weakness in the facial muscles to complete physical collapse. Cataplexy lasts from several seconds to minutes, and usually preceeded by strong emotion. Appears to be the result from a sudden onset of REM sleep. Instead of falling asleep normally and going through the four NREM stages.

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Sleep Paralysis

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A brief period after awakening when they can't move or speak that is often frightening to those go through it.

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Hypnagogic Hallucinations

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Vivid and often terrifying experiences that begin at the start of sleep and are said to be unbelievably realistic because they include not only visual aspects but also touch, hearing and even the sensation of body movemet. A valid explanation for what many people report as alien abductions.

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Breathing Related Sleep Disorders

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People whose breathing is interrupted during their sleep experience numerous brief arousals throughout the night and do not feel rested even after eight or nine hours asleep.

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Hypoventilation

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Breathing related sleep disorder marked by very labored breathing during sleep

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Obstructive Sleep Apnea

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Occurs when airflow stops despite despite continued activity by the respritory system.

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Central Sleep Apnea

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Involves the complete cessation of respiratory activity for brief periods of time and is often associated with certain central nervous system disorders such as cerebral vascular disease, head trauma, and degenerative disorders.

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Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder

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Characterized by disturbed sleep brought on by the brain's inability to synchronize its sleep patterns with the current patterns of day and night. Includes Jet lag type, shift work type, delayed phase type. All associated with personality disorders.

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Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

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Part within the hypothalamus that is considered our "biological clock". Connected to it is the pathway that comes from our eyes. The light we see in the morning and the decreasing light at night signal the brain to reset the biological clock.